\|7JPethybridge, S. Hay, F. Gent, D. Esker, P. Nutter, F. Wilson, C. Groom, T.2009fDevelopment of management strategies for ray blight of pyrethrum: A case study of successful diffusion S174-S174Phytopathology996Jun://0002662133010315Suppl. S 447SY Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 0031-949XISI:000266213301031Bot Resources Australia Agr Serv Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR USA Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USAEnglish |7Kim, S. R. Kim, I. Kim, I. S.2009{Evaluation of a Pyrethrum Emulsion Prepared in Food-acceptable Components in Controlling Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persciae)176-179>Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry522saphid botanical insecticide myzus persicae organic farming pyrethrum insecticides formulations agriculture persicaeApr!Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of major pests attacking greenhouse pepper plants in Korea. We examined a pyrethrum emulsion for the control of M. persicae. The emulsion was prepared by blending natural pyrethrum extracts with food-acceptable components. The emulsion produced a clear aqueous solution when diluted in water. Laboratory evaluation showed an average 80% mortality of 2nd-instar nymphs after treatment at 100 mg/L natural pyrethrum. The aphid mortality data were a dose-response relationship for the emulsion. Field trials in two greenhouses showed aphid mortalities from 59.6 to 100% with 100 mg/L natural pyrethrum. No significant differences in aphid mortality between the two greenhouses were observed. This study shows that it is possible to prepare a one-phase clear emulsion of natural pyrethrum using food-acceptable components to control M. persicae. Pesticide formulations using food-acceptable components are suggested to play a role in protecting the public and environment from potential threats of botanical pesticides.://000266257500012-448IY Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:13 1738-2203ISI:000266257500012Kim, IS Chonnam Natl Univ, Div Appl Biosci & Biotechnol, Kwangju 500757, South Korea Chonnam Natl Univ, Div Appl Biosci & Biotechnol, Kwangju 500757, South Korea Chonnam Natl Univ, Div Plant Biotechnol, Kwangju 500757, South KoreaEnglish|7wMarcombe, S. Carron, A. Darriet, F. Etienne, M. Agnew, P. Tolosa, M. Yp-Tcha, M. M. Lagneau, C. Yebakima, A. Corbel, V.2009rReduced Efficacy of Pyrethroid Space Sprays for Dengue Control in an Area of Martinique with Pyrethroid Resistance745-7511American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene805Paedes-aegypti larvae sodium-channel gene insecticide resistance mosquitos brazilMay>In the Caribbean, insecticide resistance is widely developed in Aedes aegypti and represents a serious obstacle for dengue vector control. The efficacy of pyrethroid and organophosphate Ultra-low volume space sprays was investigated in Martinique where Ae. aegypti 6 been shown to be resistant to conventional insecticides. In the laboratory, it wild-field caught Population showed high levels of resistance to deltamethrin, organophosphate (naled), and pyrethrum. Simulated-field trials showed that this resistance call strongly reduce the knock-down effect and mortality of deltamethrin and synergized pyrethrins when applied by thermal-fogging. Conversely., the efficacy of naled was high against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Chemical analyses of nettings exposed to the treatments showed a decrease in residues over distance from release for the pyrethroids, and naled was not detected. This finding has important implications for dengue vector control and emphasizes the need to develop innovative strategies to maintain effective control of resistant Ae. aegypti populations.://000265898800013-443GS Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:46 0002-9637ISI:000265898800013Marcombe, S CNRS, Inst Rec Dev, Lab Lutte Insectes Nuisibles, Unite Rech 016, 911 Ave Agropolis,BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France CNRS, Inst Rec Dev, Lab Lutte Insectes Nuisibles, Unite Rech 016, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France Entente Interdepartementale Demousticat Littoral, F-34184 Montpellier, France Ctr Demousticat, Conseil Gen Martin, Fort De France 97200, Martinique CNRS, Inst Rec Dev, UMR 2724, F-34394 Montpellier 5, FranceEnglish|76Duchon, S. Bonnet, J. Marcombe, S. Zaim, M. Corbel, V.2009SPyrethrum: A Mixture of Natural Pyrethrins Has Potential for Malaria Vector Control516-522Journal of Medical Entomology463anopheles gambiae pyrethrum inseticide-treated nets indoor residual spraying pyrethroid resistance anopheles-gambiae resistance insecticide mutationMay Pyrethrum is a natural mixture of six insecticidal esters, recognized for low mammalian toxicity and limited persistence in the environment. In this study, World Health Organization standard bioassays were Used to evaluate the performance of pyrethrum against both susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. vie results showed that the intrinsic activity of pyrethrum was similar to that of permethrin but lower than that of deltamethrin against susceptible mosquitoes, However, pyrethrum was less affected by the presence of the kdr mutation than synthetic pyrethroids (with lower resistance ratios) and showed good knock-down effect, repellency, and blood-feeding inhibition against the pyrethroid-resistant strain. In laboratory condition, mosquito nets treated with 500-1,000 mg/m(2) (pyrethrum) remained effective, i.e., >80% mortality and/or >95% K-D effect, for 9 mo. Conversely, the efficacy and residual activity of pyrethrum (Pynet 5% EC) on substrates Was not conclusive, especially concerning Mod, which is it porous subtrate (mortality <80% after 3 mo at 2g/m(2)) These finding suggested that pyrethrum may be a potential alternative candidate For the impregnation of mosquito nets and textiles in are-as where resistance to pyrethroids has become problematic.://000265803800016-441XM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:22 0022-2585ISI:000265803800016Corbel, V Inst Rech Dev, UR16, Lab Lutte Coutre Insectes Nuisibles, 911 Av Agropolis,BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France Inst Rech Dev, Dept Hlth & Soc, F-75480 Paris 10, France WHO CDS PVC, CH-1211 Geneva, SwitzerlandEnglish$|7$Maurer, V. Perler, E. Heckendorn, F.2009mIn vitro efficacies of oils, silicas and plant preparations against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae31-41"Experimental and Applied Acarology481-2~dermanyssus gallinae ectoparasite control silicas oils plant extracts laying hens acari prevalence pest toxicity systems appleJunThe aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of physically acting substances (oils and silicas) and plant preparations for the control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer 1778). Reproduction and survival of fed D. gallinae females were evaluated in vitro for a total of 168 h using the "area under the survival curve" (AUC) to compare survival of the mites between treatments. Four oils (two plant oils, one petroleum spray oil and diesel), one soap, three silicas (one synthetic amorphous silica, one diatomaceous earth (DE) and one DE with 2% pyrethrum extract) and seven plant preparations (derived from Chrysanthemum cineariaefolium, Allium sativum, Tanacetum vulgare, Yucca schidigera, Quillaja saponaria, Dryopteris filix-mas, and Thuja occidentalis) were tested at various concentrations. All the oils, diesel and soap significantly reduced D. gallinae survival. All silicas tested inhibited reproduction. DE significantly reduced mite survival, but amorphous silica was less effective in vitro. Except for pure A. sativum juice and the highest concentration of C. cineariaefolium extract, the plant preparations tested resulted in statistically insignificant control of D. gallinae.://000264879500005-428VM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:35 0168-8162ISI:000264879500005{Maurer, V Res Inst Organ Agr FiBL, Ackerstr, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland Res Inst Organ Agr FiBL, CH-5070 Frick, SwitzerlandEnglish V|7TPethybridge, S. J. Gent, D. H. Esker, P. D. Turechek, W. W. Hay, F. S. Nutter, F. W.2009GSite-Specific Risk Factors for Ray Blight in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields229-237 Plant Disease933characteristic curve analysis fungicide-based management phoma-ligulicola mycosphaerella-ligulicola disease resistance cinerariaefolium chrysanthemum assessments predictionMarRay blight of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis, can cause defoliation and reductions of crop growth and pyrethrin yield. Logistic regression was used to model relationships among edaphic factors and interpolated weather variables associated with severe disease outbreaks (i.e., defoliation severity >= 40%). A model for September defoliation severity included a variable for the product of number of days with rain of at least 0.1 mm and a moving average of maximum temperatures in the last 14 days, which correctly classified (accuracy) the disease severity class for 64.8% of data sets. The percentage of data sets where disease severity was correctly classified as at least 40% defoliation severity (sensitivity) or below 40% defoliation severity (specificity) were 55.8 and 71%, respectively. A model for October defoliation severity included the number of days with at least 1 mm of rain in the past 14 days, stem height in September, and the product of the number of days with at least 10 mm of rain in the last 30 days and September defoliation severity. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 72.6, 73.6, and 71.4%, respectively. Youden's index identified predictive thresholds of 0.25 and 0.57 for the September and October models, respectively. When economic considerations of the costs of false positive and false negative decisions and disease prevalence were integrated into receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the October model, the optimal predictive threshold to minimize average management costs was 0 for values of disease prevalence greater than 0.2 due to the high cost of false negative predictions. ROC curve analysis indicated that management of the disease should be routine when disease prevalence is greater than 0.2. The models developed in this research are the first steps toward identifying and weighting site and weather disease risk variables to develop a decision-support aid for the management of ray blight of pyrethrum.://000264740700004-426XC Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:49 0191-2917ISI:000264740700004`Pethybridge, SJ Bot Resources Australia Agr Serv Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia Bot Resources Australia Agr Serv Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia USDA ARS, Forage Seed & Cereal Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Subtrop Plant Pathol Unit, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USAEnglish u|7.Yang, Y. C. Lee, S. H. Clark, J. M. Ahn, Y. J.2009Ovicidal and Adulticidal Activities of Origanum majorana Essential Oil Constituents against Insecticide-Susceptible and Pyrethroid/Malathion-Resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) 2282-2287*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry576botanical pediculicide natural ovicide pediculus humanus capitis origanum majorana insecticide resistance mode of action monoterpenoid human head louse plant essential oils knockdown resistance lice terpenoids receptors l.Mar 25The toxicity of essential oil constituents from marjoram, Origanum majorana, to eggs and adult females of the susceptible KR-HL and dual malathion- and permethrin-resistant BR-HL strains of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using contact + fumigant mortality bioassay. Results were compared with those following treatment with two pyrethroid pediculicides, of-phenothrin or pyrethrum. As judged by the lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) values at the exposure rate of 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole (14.1 min) was the most toxic compound, followed by linalool (15.4 min) to KR-HL females. These compounds were faster acting than either d-phenothrin (24.1 min) or pyrethrum (33.4 min). Based on the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) values, (-)-camphor (0.022 mg/cm(2)) was the most toxic compound, followed by linalool (0.035 mg/cm(2)), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (0.040 mg/cm(2)), alpha-terpineol (0.045 mg/cm(2)), and 1,8-cineole (0.068 mg/cm(2)) against KR-HL females. These monoterpenoids were less toxic than either d-phenothrin (LC50, 0.0015 mg/cm(2)) or pyrethrum (0.0013 mg/cm(2)). However, the toxicities of these monoterpenoids were almost identical against females from either of the two strains, even though the BR-HL females exhibited high levels of resistance to d-phenothrin [resistance ratio (RR), 667] and pyrethrum (RR, 754). After a 24 h exposure to linalool, BR-HL egg hatch was inhibited 100 and 84% at 0.25 or 0.125 mg/cm(2), respectively, while (-)-terpinen-4-ol caused 94 and 69% inhibition of egg hatch at 0.25 and 0.125 mg/cm(2). CL-Terpineol caused 88 and 76% inhibition of egg hatch at 0.5 and 0.25 mg/cm(2), respectively. Thus, certain monoterpenoids from O. majorana essential oil, particularly linalool, (-)-terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol, merit further study as potential pediculicides and ovicides for the control of insecticide-resistant P. h. capitis populations as fumigants with contact action.://000264303300026-420QC Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:37 0021-8561ISI:000264303300026Yang, YC Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151921, South Korea Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Naturobiotech Co Ltd, Naturobiotech Res Inst, Suwon 441744, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151921, South KoreaEnglish_|7@Gong, L. F. Zou, J. Zeng, J. B. Chen, W. F. Chen, X. Wang, X. R.2009oPhotocatalytic Degradation of Dicofol and Pyrethrum with Boric and Cerous Co-doped TiO2 under Light Irradiation88-92Chinese Journal of Chemistry271boric and cerous co-doped titanium dioxide pesticide photocatalytic degradation visible-light phase-transformation titanium-dioxide nitrogen nanoparticles performance cyfluthrin pesticides toxicity solJanPBoric and cerous co-doped nano titanium dioxide (B/Ce co-doped TiO2) was synthesized Using a sol-gel technique, which involved the hydrolyzation of tetrabutyl titanate with the addition of boric acid and cerous nitrate. The B/Ce co-doped TiO2, was employed for the photocatalytic degradation of dicofol, cyfluthrin and fenvalerate under light irradiation. XRD, TEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis DRS methods were used to characterize the crystalline structure. Experimental results showed that only the anatase signal phase was found for B/Ce co-doped TiO2, but multiplicate phases, including anatase, rutile and less brookite phases. were identified both in the pure TiO2 nanoparticles and Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The band gap value of B/Ce co-doped nano TiO2 was narrower than that of undoped nano TiO2. Compared to undoped TiO2, a stronger absorption in the range of 420 to 850 urn was found for B/Ce co-doped nano TiO2, which presented a higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of dicofol, cyfluthrin and fenvalerate than both Ce doped nano TiO2 and pure nano TiO2 under the same light irradiation.://0002640394000159Sp. Iss. SI 416XS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:20 1001-604XISI:000264039400015Chen, X Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China Xiamen Univ, State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China Xiamen Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Minist Educ, Dept Chem, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China Xiamen Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Minist Educ, Key Lab Analyt Sci, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China Quanzhou Normal Coll, Sch Chem & Life Sci, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, Peoples R ChinaEnglishb|7 Rababah, A. Al-Shuha, A.20096Hydroponics reducing effluent's heavy metals discharge175-183Water Science and Technology591Yheavy metals accumulation nutrient film technique plants wastewater waste-water treatmentXThis paper investigates the capacity of Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) to control effluent's heavy metals discharge. A commercial hydroponic system was adapted to irrigate lettuces with primary treated wastewater for studying the potential heavy metals removal. A second commercial hydroponic system was used to irrigate the same type of lettuces with nutrient solution and this system was used as a control. Results showed that lettuces grew well when irrigated with primary treated effluent in the commercial hydroponic system. The NFT-plant system heavy metals removal efficiency varied amongst the different elements, The system's removal efficiency for Cr was more than 92%, Ni more than 85%, in addition to more than 60% reduction of B, Pb, and Zn. Nonetheless, the NFT-plants system removal efficiencies for As, Cd and Cu were lower than 30%. Results show that lettuces accumulated heavy metals in leaves at concentrations higher than the maximum acceptable European and Australian levels. Therefore, non-edible plants such as flowers or pyrethrum are recommended as value added crops for the proposed NFT.://000262863300022-400JG Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:13 0273-1223ISI:000262863300022Rababah, A German Jordanian Univ, POB 35247, Amman 11180, Jordan German Jordanian Univ, Amman 11180, Jordan Concorde Corodex, Dubai, U Arab EmiratesEnglishX|7 iZheng, L. J. Li, G. H. Wang, X. B. Pan, W. Z. Li, L. Lv, H. Liu, F. F. Dang, L. Z. Mo, M. H. Zhang, K. Q.20084Nematicidal endophytic bacteria obtained from plants569-572Annals of Microbiology584`brevundimonas diminuta endophytic bacteria nematicidal (r)-(-)-2-ethylhexan-1-ol nematodes fungilTwo hundred and six bacterial isolates were obtained from leaf, flower and stem of three healthy plants, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev. and Heracleum candicans Wall. The nematicidal activity experiment showed that a total of 92 isolates displayed activity against Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas) Dougherty, and 70 isolates resulted active against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle. Strain LCB-3 exhibited the strongest nematicidal activity against both two nematodes. According to the 16S rDNA, the strain LCB-3 was identified as Brevundimonas diminuta. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation, a nematicidal metabolite (R)-(-)-2-ethylhexan-1-ol was obtained from LCB-3. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the compound were 542.0 mg l(-1) against C. elegans and 168.1 mg l(-1) against e. xylophilus 48 h after treatment.://000262392500002-393SF Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:19 1590-4261ISI:000262392500002&Zhang, KQ Yunnan Univ, Key Lab Conservat & Utilizat Bioresource, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R China Yunnan Univ, Key Lab Conservat & Utilizat Bioresource, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R China Yunnan Univ, Key Lab Microbial Resources, Minist Educ, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R ChinaEnglish|7 7Hay, F. S. Stirling, G. R. Pethybridge, S. J. Chung, B.2009A survey of nematodes associated with pyrethrum in Tasmania, Australia, and the susceptibility of pyrethrum cultivars to root-lesion nematode1-5Australasian Plant Pathology381In a survey of fields in northern Tasmania, Australia, with various cropping histories, root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) was detected in soil from all 99. elds sampled before planting pyrethrum. Population densities were generally low, but seven. elds had more than 600 Pratylenchus/200mL soil, with the maximum density being 3930/200mL soil. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) was detected in 20. elds, with only three having population densities greater than 50/200mL soil. Pratylenchus spp. from a subset of 31 fields were identified to species level, with Pratylenchus crenatus, P. penetrans, P. neglectus and P. thornei occurring in 27, 10, 2 and 3 fields, respectively. In pyrethrum crops aged 1-2 years, root-lesion nematode was recovered from all 70. elds sampled, with 18 fields having more than 300/200mL soil. The highest population density was 960/200mL soil. Eighteen fields had more than 200/g fresh weight of root with a maximum of 786/g fresh weight of root. P. crenatus and P. penetrans were extracted from roots of pyrethrum transplants grown for similar to 3 months in field soil from 8 and 4 of 10 fields, respectively, indicating that pyrethrum was a host of these species. In two pot experiments conducted in the glasshouse, with four commercial pyrethrum cultivars, P. penetrans multiplication rates (the ratio of final to initial nematode population densities) ranged from 2.7 to 7.9 and 2.2 to 6.6.://000262134700001-389ZS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:10 0815-3191ISI:000262134700001Hay, FS Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Cradle Coast Campus,POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Biol Crop Protect, Moggill, Qld 4070, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Sandy Bay, Tas 7005, AustraliaEnglish|7 jTriana, J. Eiroa, J. L. Ortega, J. J. Leon, F. Brouard, I. Torres, F. Quintana, J. Estevez, F. Bermejo, J.2008_Sesquiterpene Lactones from Gonospermum gomerae and G-fruticosum and Their Cytotoxic Activities 2015-2020Journal of Natural Products7112Koccurring terpene derivatives pyrethrum flowers constituents eudesmanolidesDecFour new sesquiterpene lactones (1-4) and a new sesquiterpene (5) together with 20 known compounds were isolated from two Gonospermum species (G. gomerae Bolle and G. fruticosum Less). Their structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR. The cytotoxicity of several new and known natural and semisynthetic sesquiterpene factories was also assessed against human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL-60 and U937), human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-1), and human adenocarcinoma (A549).://000262002800008-388EJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:23 0163-3864ISI:000262002800008Bermejo, J Univ La Laguna, Inst Prod Nat & Agrobiol, CSIC, Inst Univ Bioorgan Antonio Gonzalez, Ave Astrofis F Sanchez 3, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain Univ La Laguna, Inst Prod Nat & Agrobiol, CSIC, Inst Univ Bioorgan Antonio Gonzalez, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Quim, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, Spain Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Bioquim, Ctr Ciencias Salud, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35016, Spain Hosp Univ Candelaria, ICIC, Tenerife 38010, SpainEnglish 4|7 PPethybridge, S. J. Jones, S. J. Shivas, R. G. Hay, F. S. Wilson, C. R. Groom, T.2008PTan spot: a new disease of pyrethrum caused by Microsphaeropsis tanaceti sp nov. 1058-1065Plant Pathology576azoxystrobin coniothyrium sp difenoconazole tanacetum cinerariifolium base-line sensitivity phoma-ligulicola venturia-inaequalis amaranthi accuracy fieldsDecThe isolation frequency of Microsphaeropsis sp. in spring in association with necrotic lesions on leaves in Tasmanian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) fields has increased substantially since first identification in 2001. Examination of morphological features and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) resulted in the identification of a new species, herein described as Microsphaeropsis tanaceti sp. nov. The pathogenicity of three M. tanaceti isolates to two pyrethrum cultivars was confirmed by inoculating glasshouse-grown plants in three experiments. No significant differences in the susceptibility of the two cultivars to infection by M. tanaceti were found. Symptoms were tan-coloured spots which coalesced around the margins of the leaves. Therefore, the name 'tan spot' is proposed for this new disease of pyrethrum. The sensitivity of seven M. tanaceti isolates to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin, commonly used fungicides for the management of foliar diseases in spring, was assessed under in vitro conditions. Sensitivity testing for difenoconazole was conducted using a mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar, whilst testing for sensitivity to azoxystrobin used a conidial germination assay on water agar. Microsphaeropsis tanaceti was found to be more sensitive to azoxystrobin than difenoconazole, with complete inhibition of conidial germination at concentrations above 0.625 mu g a.i. mL(-1). By comparison, concentrations of 50 mu g a.i. difenoconazole mL(-1) or greater were required for significant inhibition of mycelial growth. It therefore appears likely that there is currently some control of tan spot as a result of the use of azoxystrobin and to a lesser extent, difenoconazole, for the control of other diseases.://000261081900008-374ZJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:26 0032-0862ISI:000261081900008BPethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Dept Primary Ind & Fisheries, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglish|7NDavies, T. G. E. O'Reilly, A. O. Field, L. M. Wallace, B. A. Williamson, M. S.2008^Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids: from target-site mutations to molecular modelling 1126-1130Pest Management Science6411ddt voltage-gated sodium channel pyrethroid iis6 helix iis4-s5 linker computer modelling sodium-channel gene insecticide resistance binding-sites identification deltamethrin kdr sensitivity permethrin linkerNovrNaturally derived insecticides such as pyrethrum and man-made insecticides such as DDT and the synthetic pyrethroids act on the voltage-gated sodium channel proteins found in insect nerve-cell membranes. The correct functioning of these channels is essential for the normal transmission of nerve impulses, and this process is disrupted by binding of the insecticides, leading to paralysis and eventual death. Some insect pest populations have evolved modifications of the sodium channel protein that inhibit the binding of the insecticide and result in the insect developing resistance. This perspective outlines the current understanding of the molecular processes underlying target-site resistance to these insecticides (termed kdr and super-kdr), and how this knowledge may in future contribute to the design of novel insecticidal compounds. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry://000260349700009-364QH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:30 1526-498XISI:000260349700009Davies, TGE Rothamsted Res, Biol Chem Dept, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Rothamsted Res, Biol Chem Dept, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Univ London, Dept Crystallog, Birkbeck Coll, London WC1E 7HX, EnglandEnglish|7*Li, J. Chen, S. M. Chen, F. D. Fang, W. M.2008MKaryotype and meiotic analyses of six species in the subtribe Chrysantheminae293-301 Euphytica1641Dkaryotype meiotic behaviour subtribe chrysantheminae culture hybridsNovThe karyotypes and meiotic behaviour of six Chrysantheminae species are investigated. Pyrethrum coccineum (Willd.) Worosch. is a tetraploid, while the other five species (Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.-Bip., Opisthopappus taihangensis (Ling) shih, Crossostephium chinense (L.) Makino, Tanacetum vulgare L. and P. parthenium (L.) Sm.) are all diploids. Their karyotypes consist mainly of median centromere and submedian centromere chromosomes, although C. chinense also has two terminal centromere chromosomes, and P. parthenium two subterminal centromere chromosomes. No satellited chromosomes are observed in any of the six species. All the species have a 2A type karyotype, except for P. coccineum which is 3A. The meiotic behaviour in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of all six species is essentially normal, with metaphase I chromosome pairing configurations in the diploid species predominantly showing 9II, while P. coccineum shows 18II. A low frequency of quadrivalents (and trivalents) and chromosome bridges/lagging chromosomes is observed.://000259697100028-355GJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31 0014-2336ISI:000259697100028Chen, FD Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Nanjing 210095, Peoples R China Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Nanjing 210095, Peoples R ChinaEnglish ,|7cMuturi, E. J. Shililu, J. I. Jacob, B. G. Mwangangi, J. M. Mbogo, C. M. Githure, J. I. Novak, R. J.2008gDiversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution in Mwea, Kenya349-3584Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association243irrigation rice mosquito species mosquito-borne disease development project area sri-lanka irrigation scheme mahaweli project kano-plain bancroftian filariasis plasmodium-falciparum lymphatic filariasis species succession western kenyaSep, Knowledge of mosquito species diversity, occurrence, and distribution is an essential component of vector ecology and a guiding principle to formulation and implementation of integrated vector management programs. A 12-month entomological survey was conducted to determine the diversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution at 3 sites targeted for malaria vector control in Mwea, Kenya. Adult mosquitoes were sampled indoors by pyrethrum spray catch and outdoors by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps. Mosquitoes were then morphologically identified to species using taxonomic keys. The characteristics of houses sampled for indoor resting mosquitoes, including number of people sleeping in each house the night preceding collection, presence of bed nets, location of the house, size of eaves, wall type, presence of cattle and distance of the house to the cowshed, and proximity to larval habitats, were recorded. Of the 191,378 mosquitoes collected, 95% were identified morphologically to species and comprised 25 species from 5 genera. Common species included Anopheles arabiensis (53.5%), Culex quinquefasciatus (35.5%), An. pharoensis (4.7%), An. coustani (2.5%), and An. funestus (1.6%). Shannon's species diversity and evenness indices did not differ significantly among the 3 study sites. There was a marked house-to-house variation in the average number of mosquitoes captured. The number of people sleeping in the house the night preceding collection, size of eaves, distance to the cowshed, and the nearest larval habitat were significant predictors of occurrence of either or both An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The peak abundance of An. arabiensis coincided with land preparation and the first few weeks after transplanting of rice seedlings, and that of Cx. quinquefasciatus coincided with land preparation, late stage of rice development, and short rains. After transplanting of rice seedlings, the populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected more outdoors than indoors, suggesting a shift from endophily to exophily. These results demonstrate that irrigated rice cultivation has a strong impact on mosquito species occurrence, distribution, abundance, and behavior, and that certain house characteristics increase the degree of human-vector contact.://000259460400003-351XX Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:44 8756-971XISI:000259460400003^Muturi, EJ Univ Alabama, William C Gorgas Ctr Geog Med, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, William C Gorgas Ctr Geog Med, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Human Hlth Div, Nairobi, Kenya Jomo Kenyatta Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya Ctr Geog Med Res Coast, Kenya Med Res Inst, Kilifi, KenyaEnglishK|7IKawada, H. Temu, E. A. Minjas, J. N. Matsumoto, O. Iwasaki, T. Takagi, M.2008Field evaluation of spatial repellency of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against Anopheles gambiae complex in Bagamoyo, coastal Tanzania404-4094Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association243sumione (tm) pyrethroid malaria vector mosquito population sampling traps west-africa paper strip mosquitos indonesia lombok shelters vietnam indoors trial wallsSepMetofluthrin is a newly synthesized pyrethroid possessing high knockdown and lethal activity against mosquitoes. Studies of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips have been performed with dengue vectors. This study reports the efficacy of the new prototypes of metofluthrin-impregnated plastic strips against malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae complex, in the Kongo villages of Bagamoyo district in coastal Tanzania. The study, using 20 houses, half intervention, half control, was conducted for a 124-day period. Pyrethrum spray sheets and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were used to sample mosquito population indices. The mosquito density indices of the intervention houses were observed to be significantly lower than those of the control houses when pyrethrum spray sheet collection was used (F = 4.61, 1 df, P = 0.038; 98.7% reduction of total mosquito collection compared with that for the controls). These low indices were observed despite the large openings found in Bagamoyo houses, which were predicted to have a considerable negative effect on the spatial repellency of metofluthrin. Based on the present results, the pyrethrum spray sheet collection was the better of the 2 collection methods.://000259460400010-351XX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:17 8756-971XISI:000259460400010Kawada, H Nagasaki Univ, Inst Trop Med, Dept Vector Ecol & Environm, Nagasaki 852, Japan Nagasaki Univ, Inst Trop Med, Dept Vector Ecol & Environm, Nagasaki 852, Japan Muhimbili Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd, Div Environm Hlth, Osaka, JapanEnglish |7fJawara, M. Pinder, M. Drakeley, C. J. Nwakanma, D. C. Jallow, E. Bogh, C. Lindsay, S. W. Conway, D. J.2008HDry season ecology of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in The Gambia-Malaria Journal7swest-africa malaria transmission molecular-forms senegal area arabiensis culicidae giles identification persistenceAug 18Background: Malaria in The Gambia is highly seasonal, with transmission occurring as Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations expand during and immediately after a single annual rainy season that lasts from June to October. There has been very limited investigation of the ecology of vectors during the dry season, when numbers are very limited and distributions may be restricted. Methods: Weekly adult mosquito collections (pyrethrum spray, light trap, and search collections from rooms, as well as light trap collections from animal shelters, abandoned wells and grain stores), and artificial sentinel breeding site surveys were performed in four villages near the upper tidal and partially saline part of the Gambia River in the last four months of an annual dry season (March to June). Mosquito species were identified by morphological and DNA analysis, and ELISA assays were performed to test for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites and human blood meal components. Results: Adults of An. gambiae s.l. were collected throughout the period, numbers increasing towards the end of the dry season when humidity was increasing. Adult collections were dominated by An. melas (86%), with An. gambiae s.s. (10%) and An. arabiensis (3%) also present throughout. Most females collected in room search and spray collections contained blood meals, but most from light traps were unfed. None of the females tested (n = 1709) contained sporozoites. Larvae (mostly An. gambiae s. s.) were recovered from artificial sentinel breeding sites in the two villages that had freshwater pools. These two villages had the highest proportions of An. gambiae s. s. adults, and experienced the most substantial increase in proportions of An. gambiae s. s. after the onset of rains. Conclusion: During the dry season population minimum, An. melas was the predominant vector species, but differences among villages in availability of fresh-water breeding sites correlate with egg laying activity and relative numbers of An. gambiae s. s. adults, and with the increase in this species immediately after the beginning of the rains. Local variation in dry season vector persistence is thus likely to influence spatial heterogeneity of transmission intensity in the early part of the rainy season.://000259429400001-351MW Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:27 1475-2875ISI:000259429400001Conway, DJ MRC Labs, POB 273, Banjul, Gambia MRC Labs, Banjul, Gambia Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England Sumba Fdn, Kuta 80361, Bali, Indonesia Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, EnglandEnglish|7\Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Esker, P. D. Gent, D. H. Wilson, C. R. Groom, T. Nutter, F. W.2008JDiseases of pyrethrum in tasmania: Challenges and prospects for management 1260-1272 Plant Disease929ray blight disease fungicide-based management spatial-pattern analysis spotted wilt tospovirus sclerotinia stem rot phoma-ligulicola mycosphaerella-ligulicola host-range multispectral radiometer leaf-spotSep://000258561300001-339EQ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:99 0191-2917ISI:000258561300001Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ARS, USDA, Forage Seed & Cereal Res Unit, Corvallis, OR USA Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas, Australia Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USAEnglish |7WNdiath, M. O. Brengues, C. Konate, L. Sokhna, C. Boudin, C. Trape, J. F. Fontenille, D.2008Dynamics of transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles arabiensis and the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae in Dielmo, Senegal-Malaria Journal7genetic differentiation incipient speciation chromosomal forms malaria vector west-africa kisumu area culicidae complex diptera identificationJul 23Background: The adaptation of Anopheles gambiae to humans and its environment involves an ongoing speciation process that can be best demonstrated by the existence of various chromosomal forms adapted to different environments and of two molecular forms known as incipient taxonomic units. Methods: The aim of this study was to compare the epidemiologic role of Anopheles arabiens is and the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae in the transmission of Plasmodium in a rural areas of southern Senegal, Dielmo. The sampling of mosquitoes was carried out monthly between July and December 2004, during the rainy season, by human volunteers and pyrethrum spray catches. Results: Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae M and S forms coexisted during the rainy season with a predominance of the M form in September and the peak of density being observed in August for the S form. Similar parity rates were observed in An. arabiensis [70.9%] (n = 86), An. gambiae M form [68.7%] (n = 64) and An. gambiae S form [81.1%] (n = 156). The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) rates were 2.82% (n = 177), 3.17% (n = 315) and 3.45% (n = 405), with the mean anthropophilic rates being 71.4% (n = 14), 86.3% (n = 22) and 91.6% (n = 24) respectively for An. arabiensis and An. gambiae M and S forms. No significant difference was observed either in host preference or in Plasmodium falciparum infection rates between sympatric M and S populations. Conclusion: No difference was observed either in host preference or in Plasmodium falciparum infection rates between sympatric M and S populations, but they present different dynamics of population. These variations are probably attributable to different breeding conditions.://000258435600001-337KS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:29 1475-2875ISI:000258435600001Ndiath, MO Inst Rech Dev, Lab Paludol & Zool Med, IRD Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal Inst Rech Dev, Lab Paludol & Zool Med, IRD Hann, Dakar, Senegal Inst Rech Dev, F-34397 Montpellier, France Univ Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar, Dakar 5005, SenegalEnglish|74Kim, H. M. Lee, J. M. Park, J. Y. Lee, S. Lee, S. P.2008RDetermination of sesamin in sesame dregs by high performance liquid chromatography197-2014Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology262sesamum indicum agricultural by-product lignan analysis recycling pyrethrum insecticides antioxidant lignans seeds substances residues acidsJunDHigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the analysis of sesamin, the main antioxidant compound of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), in sesame dregs. Reverse-phase system using a binary isocratic of methanol and deionized water (70:30) and UV detection at 290 nm were performed. The contents of sesamin in the sesame dregs from Korea and China were 1.45 and 1.60 mg . g(-1), respectively. The assay was successfully applied to quantify sesamin in the sesame dregs and to present the recycling possibilities of inefficiently used resources as agricultural by-products.://000257933800019-330II Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:28 1226-8763ISI:000257933800019Lee, SP Chung Ang Univ, Dept Appl Plant Sci, Anseong 456756, South Korea Chung Ang Univ, Dept Appl Plant Sci, Anseong 456756, South KoreaEnglish|7EPethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Clarkson, R. A. Groom, T. Wilson, C. R.2008RHost range of Australian Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis isolates from pyrethrum506-508Journal of Phytopathology1567-8Vdisease management inoculum sources ray blight disease chrysanthemum fields managementAugRay blight, caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis is one of the most damaging diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium [Trevir.] Sch. Bip.) in Australia. The pathogenicity of P. ligulicola var. inoxydablis to a range of ornamental and other plant species was tested to determine potential sources of inoculum into pyrethrum crops. Differences were identified in the host range of P. ligulicola var. inoxydablis isolates in this study in comparison with isolates reported from garden chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium L.), most likely to be P. ligulicola var. ligulicola. Australian P. ligulicola var. inoxydablis isolates were unable to infect and cause disease following repeated inoculation to zinnia (Zinnia elegans L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Desf.), and several cultivars of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) was recorded as a susceptible host for this pathogen for the first time. Moreover, the susceptibility of annual chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum carinatum L.) to infection by P. ligulicola var. inoxydablis was confirmed. Implications for disease management in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields are discussed.://000257707200023-327CM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:24 0931-1785ISI:000257707200023Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Cradle Coast Campus,POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglish |7HAthanassiou, C. G. Kavallieratos, N. G. Vayias, B. J. Panoussakis, E. C.2008Influence of grain type on the susceptibility of different Sitophilus oryzae (L.) populations, obtained from different rearing media, to three diatomaceous earth formulations279-284#Journal of Stored Products Research443diatomaceous earth rearing medium sitophilus oryzae wheat barley maize confused flour beetle insecticidal efficacy rice weevil coleoptera curculionidae wheat tenebrionidae persistence silicosec adultsBioassays were carried out to assess whether the commodity, from which adults of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae emerged, influences the insecticidal efficacy of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations: Protect-It(TM), PyriSec (R) and DEBBM. Protect-It(TM) is a DE formulation that contains 10% silica gel, while PyriSec(R) and DEBBM are enhanced DEs that contain natural pyrethrum and the plant extract bitterbarkomycin, respectively. The S. oryzae populations tested were reared on wheat, barley or maize and the susceptibility of each to the DE formulations was assessed oil all three commodities. The DE application doses were: 500pprn for Protect-It(TM) and PyriSec(R); 150 and 75ppm for DEBBM. Mortality of S. oryzae adults was counted 7 and 14 d after their exposure on the treated commodities. Bioassays were carried out at 25 degrees C and 55% r.h. Barley-reared S. oryzae were the most tolerant of all formulations and treated commodities, whereas maize-reared were the most susceptible ones. DE effectiveness was always lower in maize than in wheat or barley irrespective of the commodity from which the populations were obtained. Furthermore, Protect-It(TM) and PyriSec(R) were more effective than DEBBM in wheat or barley, but not in maize. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000257642900012-326FE Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:28 0022-474XISI:000257642900012uKavallieratos, NG Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Lab Agr Entomol, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, 8 Stefanou Delta St, Kifisia 14561, Attica, Greece Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Lab Agr Entomol, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Kifisia 14561, Attica, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, Athens 11855, Attica, Greece Inst Educ Technol, Dept Crop Prod, Antikalamos 24100, Kalamata, GreeceEnglish%|7 Lochynska, M.2008_The ontogenetic description of two Tasmanian crotoniid mites (Acari : Oribatida : Crotonioidea)123-142"International Journal of Acarology342acari oribatida crotoniidae holonothrus wallwork crotonia thorell morphology juvenile stages australian region australian region genus holonothrusJunThe morphology of juvenile and adult stages of two Tasmanian oribatid mites, Holonothrus ryszardi n. sp. and Crotonia dicella Colloff, 1990 is described and illustrated. Remarks on the diagnosis of the genus Holonothrus are given. In addition, examined adults of C. dicella are compared with the holotype from South Africa. Both species were found in material using Pyrethrum knock-down.://000256360800002-308AN Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:14 0164-7954ISI:000256360800002Lochynska, M Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Taxon & Ecol, Umultowska 89, PL-61614 Poznan, Poland Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Taxon & Ecol, PL-61614 Poznan, PolandEnglish |75Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Groom, T. Wilson, C. R.2008XImproving fungicide-based management of ray blight disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields887-895 Plant Disease926disease management tanacetum cinerariifolium phoma-ligulicola venturia-inaequalis alternaria-solani kresoxim-methyl resistance populations assessments chrysanthemum sensitivity californiaJun Ray blight disease, caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis, is a serious threat to the Tasmanian pyrethrum industry. The management of this disease relies upon the strategic application of fungicides in early spring. A range of fungicides were assessed for their efficacy in controlling ray blight disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields, and the primary objective of this study was to increase fungicide options available to growers in different resistance groups. Fungicides were assessed under in vitro conditions, within five replicated-plot field trials over three seasons (2004 to 2006) and in single-plot trials over eight fields in 2005. In each of the field trials, regular assessments of disease intensity (defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight), stem height, and the number of flowers produced on each stem were made using stems as the primary sampling unit. Canopy reflectance at 830 not and the Difference Vegetative Index, measured using a handheld multispectral radiometer, also were used to compare fungicide effects on green leaf area. The effect of fungicides on the dry weight of flowers, pyrethrin content within the flowers, flower maturity, and pyrethrin yield were determined. Under in vitro conditions, boscalid reduced both conidial germination and mycelial growth at concentrations of at least 0.16 mu g/ml. In field trials 1 and 2 (in 2004), the premixed formulation of pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) increased pyrethrin yield by an average of 79% compared with nontreated plots over the two locations. Furthermore, in single-plot trials, pyraclostrobin + boscalid increased pyrethrin yield by 134 and 60% compared with the industry-recommended protocol (single application of azoxystrobin at 150 g a.i./ha [Amistar WG] and two additional applications of a tank mixture of difenoconazole at 125 g a.i./ha [Score] and chlorothalonil at 1,008 liters a.i./ha [Bravo 720] at 14- to 21-day intervals) and nontreated plots, respectively. In field trials 3 (in 2005) and 4 and 5 (in 2006), similar yield benefits also were produced by applying pyraclostrobin (Cabrio SC) or boscalid (Filan) alone or in combination with chlorothalonil (Bravo 720) at 1.4 liters of product per hectare, regardless of the rates of pyraclostrobin (250 and 125 g a.i./ha) and boscalid (500 and 250 g a.i./ha) used. These data were used to recommend the incorporation of boscalid to improve the fungicide-based management of ray blight disease. This decreases the number of applications of both strobilurin and triazole fungicides which have been used extensively for the management of ray blight and other diseases in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields and are prone to fungicide resistance development.://000256007700006-302ZC Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:42 0191-2917ISI:000256007700006Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglishb|7Oldenburg, M. Baur, X.2008'Cockroach infestation on seagoing ships41-46/Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health631chemical exposure cockroaches exposure assessment seafaring house-dust mite blattella-germanica risk-factors asthma sensitization exposureSprCockroaches are detected ashore worldwide. At present, little is known about cockroach infestation on ships. The authors' objective in this study was to assess the current prevalence of cockroach infestation on seagoing vessels. In August 2005, port officials investigated cockroach infestation on 59 ships in Hamburg's port via standardized procedures (ie, illuminating hiding places and using pyrethrum spray). About 3 minutes after illumination or chemical provocation, the inspectors counted the number of insects escaping from their hiding places. The examination revealed cockroach presence in the galley or mess room of 6 ships (10.2%). These ships were bigger than 10,000 gross register tons (GRT) and older than 7 years. Inspectors detected the cockroach species Blattella germanica on 5 ships and Blatta orientalis on 1 ship. The standardized use of pyrethrum spray more frequently detected cockroaches than did inspection or illumination of their hiding places.://000256074100008-303XK Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:25 1933-8244ISI:000256074100008Oldenburg, M Univ Hamburg, Inst Occupat & Maritime Med, Seewartenstr 10, D-20459 Hamburg, Germany Univ Hamburg, Inst Occupat & Maritime Med, D-20459 Hamburg, Germany Hamburg State Dept Social Affairs Family Hlth & C, Hamburg, GermanyEnglish |7Kweka, E. J. Nkya, W. M. M. Mahande, A. M. Assenga, C. Mosha, F. W. Lyatuu, E. E. Massenga, C. P. Nyale, E. M. Mwakalinga, S. B. Lowassa, A.2008Mosquito abundance, bed net coverage and other factors associated with variations in sporozoite infectivity rates in four villages of rural Tanzania-Malaria Journal7anopheles-gambiae complex insecticide-treated nets randomized controlled-trial polymerase-chain-reaction plasmodium-falciparum malaria control inoculation rates resting behavior western kenya culicidaeApr 18yBackground: Entomological surveys are of great importance in decision-making processes regarding malaria control strategies because they help to identify associations between vector abundance both species-specific ecology and disease intervention factors associated with malaria transmission. Sporozoite infectivity rates, mosquito host blood meal source, bed net coverage and mosquito abundance were assessed in this study. Methodology: A longitudinal survey was conducted in four villages in two regions of Tanzania. Malaria vectors were sampled using the CDC light trap and pyrethrum spray catch methods. In each village, ten paired houses were selected for mosquitoes sampling. Sampling was done in fortnight case and study was undertaken for six months in both Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania) and Dodoma (Central Tanzania) regions. Results: A total of 6,883 mosquitoes were collected including: 5,628 (81.8%) Anopheles arabiensis, 1,100 (15.9%) Culex quinquefasciatus, 89 (1.4%) Anopheles funestus, and 66 (0.9%) Anopheles gambiae s.s. Of the total mosquitoes collected 3,861 were captured by CDC light trap and 3,022 by the pyrethrum spray catch method. The overall light trap: spray catch ratio was 1.3:1. Mosquito densities per room were 96.5 and 75.5 for light trap and pyrethrum spray catch respectively. Mosquito infectivity rates between villages that have high proportion of bed net owners and those without bed nets was significant (P < 0.001) and there was a significant difference in sporozoite rates between households with and without bed nets in these four villages (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Malaria remains a major problem in the study areas characterized as low transmission sites. Further studies are required to establish the annual entomological inoculation rates and to observe the annual parasitaemia dynamics in these communities. Outdoor mosquitoes collection should also be considered.://000255560400001-296QH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:46 1475-2875ISI:000255560400001Kweka, EJ Trop Pesticides Res Inst, Div Livestock & Human Dis Vector Control, POB 3024, Arusha, Tanzania Trop Pesticides Res Inst, Div Livestock & Human Dis Vector Control, Arusha, Tanzania Joint Malaria Programme, Moshi, Tanzania Kilimanjaro Christian Med Ctr, Moshi, Tanzania Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Med Parasitol, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark Tanzania Wildlife Res Inst, Arusha, TanzaniaEnglish|7Liu, X. Yang, A. M. Shi, Y. P.2008wDetermination of flavonoids in Tibetan herbal medicine of Pyrethrum tatsienense by HPLC with photodiode array detection472-476Journal of Analytical Chemistry635iperformance liquid-chromatography capillary-electrophoresis identification separation extraction acids l.May,A simple, precise, and rapid method was developed for the determination of four flavonoids, apigenin (AP), tricin (TR), luteolin (LU), and 4'-methoxy-tricin (MTR) in the Tibetan herbal medicine of Pyrethrum tatsienense by the high-performance liquid chromatographic technique coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). A C-18 reversed-phase column and a linear gradient elution system with acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-1% acetic acid as the mobile phase were employed. The method is validated in terms of the limit of detection (LOD), linearity, precision, and accuracy. The LODs were 48 ng/mL for AP, 75 ng/mL for TR, 88 ng/mL for LU, and 59 ng/mL for MTR, respectively. An excellent linear response was observed over the range specified for all analytes, as confirmed by the correlation coefficient with which from 0.9995 to 0.9999. The intraday RSDs ranged from 0.59 to 2.60%, and the interday RSDs were not higher than 0.05. The accuracy of the method was confirmed with an average recovery ranging from 95.9 to 100.0%. Since the extraction conditions can affect the extraction efficiency, nine different extracts of P. tatsienense were analyzed using different extraction solvents and extraction times. The contents of the four flavonoids in the extract of P. tatsienense were successfully determined within 18 min.://000255570900012-296UI Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:17 1061-9348ISI:000255570900012Liu, X Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Chem Phys, Grad Sch, Key Lab Nat Med Gansu Prov, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Chem Phys, Grad Sch, Key Lab Nat Med Gansu Prov, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R ChinaEnglish |7Muriu, S. M. Muturi, E. J. Shililu, J. I. Mbogo, C. M. Mwangangi, J. M. Jacob, B. G. Irungu, L. W. Mukabana, R. W. Githure, J. I. Novak, R. J.2008tHost choice and multiple blood feeding behaviour of malaria vectors and other anophelines in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya-Malaria Journal7mosquito species diptera rift-valley-fever western kenya plasmodium-falciparum irrigation scheme northern tanzania transmission culicidae arabiensis africaFeb 29Background: Studies were conducted between April 2004 and February 2006 to determine the blood-feeding pattern of Anopheles mosquitoes in Mwea Kenya. Methods: Samples were collected indoors by pyrethrum spay catch and outdoors by Centers for Disease Control light traps and processed for blood meal analysis by an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: A total of 3,333 blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes representing four Anopheles species were collected and 2,796 of the samples were assayed, with Anopheles arabiensis comprising 76.2% (n = 2,542) followed in decreasing order by Anopheles coustani 8.9% (n = 297), Anopheles pharoensis 8.2% (n = 272) and Anopheles funestus 6.7% (n = 222). All mosquito species had a high preference for bovine (range 56.3-71.4%) over human (range 1.1-23.9%) or goat (0.1-2.2%) blood meals. Some individuals from all the four species were found to contain mixed blood meals. The bovine blood index (BBI) for An. arabiensis was significantly higher for populations collected indoors (71.8%), than populations collected outdoors (41.3%), but the human blood index (HBI) did not differ significantly between the two populations. In contrast, BBI for indoor collected An. funestus (51.4%) was significantly lower than for outdoor collected populations (78.0%) and the HBI was significantly higher indoors (28.7%) than outdoors (2.4%). Anthropophily of An. funestus was lowest within the rice scheme, moderate in unplanned rice agro-ecosystem, and highest within the non-irrigated agro-ecosystem. Anthropophily of An. arabiensis was significantly higher in the non-irrigated agro-ecosystem than in the other agro-ecosystems. Conclusion: These findings suggest that rice cultivation has an effect on host choice by Anopheles mosquitoes. The study further indicate that zooprophylaxis may be a potential strategy for malaria control, but there is need to assess how domestic animals may influence arboviruses epidemiology before adapting the strategy.://000255280200001-292QC Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:51 1475-2875ISI:000255280200001lMuriu, SM Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Human Hlth Div, POB 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Human Hlth Div, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Sch Biol Sci, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Alabama, William C Gorgas Ctr Geog Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Jomo Kenyatta Univ Agr, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya Ctr Geog Med Res, Kenya Med Res Inst, Coast, KenyaEnglishG|7_Antonio-Nkondjio, C. Atangana, J. Ndo, C. Awono-Ambene, P. Fondjo, E. Fontenille, D. Simard, F.2008EMalaria transmission and rice cultivation in Lagdo, northern Cameroon352-359BTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene1024malaria transmission anopheles insect vectors insecticide resistance cameroon anopheles-gambiae s.s treated bed nets molecular characterization insecticide resistance cote-divoire west-africa culicidae mosquitos diptera identificationAprPCross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in Lagdo, Cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. A total of 4740 mosquitoes was collected during the study. Anopheles arabiensis was the major species and the main malaria vector in all study sites, followed by A. funestus. Malaria transmission was high in the non-irrigated zone of Mayo Mbocki, whereas in the irrigated area of Gounougou it was below detection level during the dry season and high during the rainy season. Insecticide susceptibility tests performed on A. gambiae s.l. populations detected resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and to a lower extent to deltamethrin. All survivors were A. arabiensis. None of the surviving mosquitoes carried the kdr mutation, suggesting an alternative resistance mechanism. (c) 2008 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000255043500012-289GR Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:40 0035-9203ISI:000255043500012mAntonio-Nkondjio, C Org Coordinat Lutte Contre Endemies & Afrique Cen, Lab Rech Paludisme, POB 15665, Yaounde, Cameroon Org Coordinat Lutte Contre Endemies & Afrique Cen, Lab Rech Paludisme, Yaounde, Cameroon Univ Yaounde, Fac Sci, Yaounde, Cameroon Natl Malaria Control Programme, Minist Hlth, Yaounde, Cameroon Inst Rech Dev, UR 016, F-34394 Montpellier 5, FranceEnglish|7YAmbrozic-Dolinsek, J. Caniloh, M. Zel, J. Kovac, M. Ravnikar, M. Carraro, L. Petrovic, N.2008jPhytoplasma infection may affect morphology, regeneration and pyrethrin content in pyrethrum shoot culture213-218Scientia Horticulturae1162tanacetum cinerariifolium pyrethrum phytoplasma infection shoot culture pyrethrin content long-term maintenance clover phyllody tissue-cultures plant micropropagation transmission disease agent levelApr 4iThe aim of the work was to infect pyrethrum. (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Schultz-Bip.), an important secondary metabolite pyrethrin producing plant, with MA phytoplasma (16S rRNA group III, subgroup B) to initiate tissue culture of phytoplasma-infected plants, and to examine possible effects of infection on pyrethrin content, morphology, and regenerative capacity in shoot culture. Phytoplasma transmission was achieved by using an insect vector (Euscelidius variegatus) making pyrethrum as a new host for phytoplasma. The infection significantly changed the morphology and regenerative capacity of shoots and roots. The infected shoots and roots were shorter and thinner and an increase in proliferation of both was observed. Phytoplastma infection significantly decreased pyrethrin content in shoots, as measured by HPLC. The possibility of long-term maintenance of phytoplasma was also studied. The presence of phytoplasma in shoots was confirmed periodically over 4 years by PCR assay. Possible physiological reasons for a balanced phytoplasma-host system are discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000255010000015-288TZ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:32 0304-4238ISI:000255010000015"Ambrozic-Dolinsek, J Univ Maribor, Fac Educ, Dept Biol, Koroska 160, Maribor 2000, Slovenia Univ Maribor, Fac Educ, Dept Biol, Maribor 2000, Slovenia Natl Inst Biol, Dept Biotechnol & Syst Biol, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia Univ Udine, Dipartimento Biol Appl Difesa Piante, I-33100 Udine, ItalyEnglish|7 2Bhakuni, R. S. Kahol, A. P. Singh, S. P. Kumar, A.2007QComposition of north Indian pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) flower oil31-35'Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants101uchrysanthemum cinerariaefolium asteraceae pyrethrum flowerhead trans-chrysanthemumic acid nerolidol and beta-eudesmolJan-Feb(The hydrodistilled oil obtained from the dried pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) was subjected to high resolution GC and GC-MS, leading to the quantification and identification of twenty two compounds representing (85.27%) of the total oil. trans-chrysanthemumic acid (19.61%), decanoic acid (7.63%), nerolidol (9.63%), spathulenol (4.58%), guaiol (5.93%), beta-eudesmol (9.81%) and alpha-eudesmol (7.07%) were the major compounds. The oil of Indian species is uniquely different from the oil obtained from pyrethrum of Kenya's origin.://000254445600006-280SD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:12 0972-060XISI:000254445600006Bhakuni, RS Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, PO CIMAP,Comm 2005-24J, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India Fragrance & Flavour Dev Ctr, Kannauj, IndiaEnglish G|7!Wolansky, M. J. Harrill, J. A.2008YNeurobehavioral toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides in adult animals: A critical review55-78Neurotoxicology and Teratology302pyrethroids neurobehavioral toxicology mammals risk assessment acoustic startle response structure-toxicity relationships cumulative risk-assessment induced sleeping time gated sodium-channel motor-activity pyridostigmine bromide rainbow-trout ion channels hydrolytic metabolismMar-AprPyrethroids are pesticides with high selectivity for insects. In order to identify strengths and gaps in the database for pyrethroid neurobehavioral toxicology, we have critically analyzed the data from peer-reviewed literature. This review includes dose-response data that have been recently generated demonstrating consistent findings for low-dose, acute, oral exposure to pyrethroids in small rodents. All pyrethroids tested (i.e., about twenty compounds), regardless of structure, produce a decrease in motor activity in a variety of test protocols. The range of relative potencies varies more than two orders of magnitude, and thresholds for motor activity were found well below doses that produce overt signs of poisoning. Six compounds (allethrin, permethrin, cis-pennethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate) impair schedule-controlled operant responding, seven compounds (pyrethrum, bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin, permethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin) decrease grip strength, and two compounds (deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin) produce incoordination using the rotarod. In addition, while compounds lacking an alpha-cyano group (e.g., cismethrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) induce an increase in acoustic-evoked startle response amplitude, cyano compounds (e.g., deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin) produce the opposite outcome. Other endpoints (e.g., tremor intensity, sensory response) have been only occasionally explored. A synthesis of the neurobehavioral evidence relating to the action of pyrethroids indicates that some differences in the experimental findings across compounds are also present in the low-effective dose range. For risk assessment purposes, a strategy that takes into account data from an array of neurobehavioral endpoints is needed to capture the heterogeneity of pyrethroid-induced adverse effects and accurately inform policy decisions. Published by Elsevier Inc.://000254314700001.278VP Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:194 0892-0362ISI:000254314700001OWolansky, MJ Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Int Guiraldes 2160,Pabellon 2,Piso 4,Ciudad Univ, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Div Neurotoxicol, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA US Natl Res Council, Bethesda, MD USA Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Toxicol, Chapel Hill, NC USAEnglisha|7"uDia, I. Konate, L. Samb, B. Sarr, J. B. Diop, A. Rogerie, F. Faye, M. Riveau, G. Remoue, F. Diallo, M. Fontenille, D.2008Bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the Senegal River Basin145-153 Acta Tropica1052#anopheles arabiensis anopheles gambiae anopheles funestus anopheles pharoensis senegal river basin malaria transmission environmental heterogeneity anopheles-gambiae complex rift-valley fever plasmodium-falciparum west-africa borne diseases sahelian area culicidae diptera mosquitos funestusFeb* Following the implementation of two dams in the Senegal River, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the Senegal River Basin (the low valley of Senegal River, the Guiers Lake area and the low valley of Ferlo) every 3 month in June 2004, September 2004, December 2004 and March 2005. The objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. Mosquitoes were collected when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. In the parasitological survey, blood samples were taken from a cohort of schoolchildren under 9 years during each entomology survey. Seven anopheline species were collected: Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae M form, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani, Anopheles wellcomei and Anopheles rufipes. A. arabiensis, A.funestus and A. pharoensis were predominant in the low valley of the Senegal River, A. funestus in the Guiers Lake area and A. arabiensis in the low valley of Ferlo. Mosquito populations' dynamics varied temporally depending on the rainy season for each zone. The anthropophilic rates varied between 6 and 76% for A. gambiae s.l. and 23 and 80% for A. funestus. Only 4/396 A. pharoensis and 1/3076 A. funestus tested carried Plasmodium falciparum CS antigen. These results suggest the implication of A. pharoensis in malaria transmission. The related entomological inoculation rates were estimated to 10.44 in Mbilor and 3 infected bites in Gankette Balla and were due, respectively, to A. pharoensis and A.,funestus. Overall, 1636 thick blood smears were tested from blood samples taken from schoolchildren with, respectively, a parasite and gametocyte average prevalence of 9 and 0.9%. The parasite prevalence was uniformly low in Mbilor and Gankette Balla whereas; it increased in September (16%) and then remained stable in December and March (22%) in Mboula where malaria transmission was not perceptible. However, significant differences were observed over time for parasite prevalence in Mbilor and Mboula villages whereas; it was only in Gankette Balla village where gametocyte prevalence was significantly different over time. Our study demonstrates the influence of ecological changes resulted from dams implementation in the Senegal River on the composition of vectorial system, malaria transmission and epidemiology. Such changes should be thoroughly surveyed in order to prevent any possible malaria outbreak in the Senegal River Basin. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000253323300006-264XI Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:43 0001-706XISI:000253323300006IDia, I Inst Pasteur, Lab Entomol Med, Dakar, Senegal Inst Pasteur, Lab Entomol Med, Dakar, Senegal Univ Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dept Biol Anim, Lab Ecol Vectorielle & Parasitaire, Dakar, Senegal EPLS, St Louis, Senegal Inst Rech Dev, Dakar, Senegal Inst Rech Dev, Lab Lutte Contre Insect Nuisibles, F-34394 Montpellier, FranceEnglish g|7#GPethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. Esker, P. Groom, T. Wilson, C. Nutter, F. W.2008UVisual and radiometric assessments for yield losses caused by ray blight in pyrethrum343-352 Crop Science481multispectral radiometer plant stress interrater reliability spectral reflectance phoma-ligulicola leaf-spot disease defoliation growth peanutJan-FebThe potential of remote sensing to nondestructively measure relationships between ray blight disease (caused by Phoma figulicola), plant measurements and components of pyrethrum [Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.] biomass and yield using a hand-held multispectral radiometer was examined. A range of disease intensities were generated using fungicides in three fields over two years. Nondestructive assessments were obtained by measuring the percentage of sunlight reflected from canopies with a radiometer equipped with five wavelength bands. Combinations of wavelength ratios and four vegetation indices were calculated. Relationships between reflectance and biomass were investigated by removing foliage from the canopy and periodically measuring reflectance. Measurements such as stem height and the number of flowers in October consistently had significant linear relationships with relative pyrethrin and flower yield. The best predictors of relative flower and pyrethrin yield were found using either percentage reflectance in the near infrared (830 nm) and the difference vegetative index (DVI). Several measures had significant linear relationships with fresh weight of foliage, including the near infrared bandwidth and the DVI, which explained 95 to 97% of the biomass variation. This study demonstrated that plant measurements and disease intensity are strongly related to pyrethrin yield, and that remote sensing has great potential to nondestructively obtain preharvest yield and biomass estimates.://000252971400039-259WK Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:40 0011-183XISI:000252971400039Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia Univ Tasmania, NIAR, New Town Res Labs, New Town, Tas 7018, AustraliaEnglish{|7$ Isman, M. B.2008.Botanical insecticides: for richer, for poorer8-11Pest Management Science641botanical insecticides pyrethrum neem plant essential oils pesticide poisoning regulation of pesticides field management cowpea pestsJanPBotanical insecticides presently play only a minor role in insect pest management and crop protection; increasingly stringent regulatory requirements in many jurisdictions have prevented all but a handful of botanical products from reaching the marketplace in North America and Europe in the past 20 years. Nonetheless, the regulatory environment and public health needs are creating opportunities for the use of botanicals in industrialized countries in situations where human and animal health are foremost - for pest control in and around homes and gardens, in commercial kitchens and food storage facilities and on companion animals. Botanicals may also find favour in organic food production, both in the field and in controlled environments. In this review it is argued that the greatest benefits from botanicals might be achieved in developing countries, where human pesticide poisonings are most prevalent. Recent studies in Africa suggest that extracts of locally available plants can be effective as crop protectants, either used alone or in mixtures with conventional insecticides at reduced rates. These studies suggest that indigenous knowledge and traditional practice can make valuable contributions to domestic food production in countries where strict enforcement of pesticide regulations is impractical. (C) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.://000252694100002-255YI Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:15 1526-498XISI:000252694100002Isman, MB Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEnglish |7%EKavallieratos, N. G. Athanassiou, C. G. Vayias, B. J. Maistrou, S. N.2007Influence of temperature on susceptibility of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) populations to three modified diatomaceous earth formulations616-625Florida Entomologist904modified diatomaceous earth populations temperature tribolium confusum wheat oryzae l. coleoptera anisopliae metschinkoff sorokin flour beetles coleoptera sitophilus-oryzae insecticidal efficacy relative-humidity natural pyrethrum duval coleoptera united-states stored wheatDecThe influence of temperature on the insecticidal effect of 3 commercially available modified diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations and their mixture against adults and larvae of tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val originating from different European geographical locations was evaluated in laboratory tests. The temperatures tested were 20, 25, and 30 degrees C. The T confusum populations (strains) originated from Greece, Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Denmark. Mortality counts were carried out after 7 d of exposure of T confusum individuals to DE-treated wheat. The 3 modified DEs tested were PyriSec, Insecto, Protect-It, and a mixture of the three. The dose rates tested were 500 and 1000 ppm. The strains from Portugal and France were the least susceptible to DEs, while the most susceptible one was the strain from the United Kingdom. The increase of temperature in many of the combinations tested increased the efficacy of DE formulations against both adults and larvae, but there were some cases in which temperature had no effect on DE efficacy. Moreover, adults were more tolerant than larvae to the DEs tested as well as to their mixture, regardless of the strain or temperature. The present study clearly indicates that there are serious variations in the efficacy of DEs against T confusum individuals originating from different geographical regions, and several factors affect this efficacy, such as the type of formulation and the temperature level prevailing.://000251916200004-245DX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:45 0015-4040ISI:000251916200004Kavallieratos, NG Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Lab Agr Entomol, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, Kifisia, Attica, Greece Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Lab Agr Entomol, Kifisia, Attica, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool, Athens 11855, GreeceEnglishz|7&Liu, Z. Gao, S. L.2007dMicropropagation and induction of autotetraploid plants of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis404-408/In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant435chromosome determination chrysanthemum cinerariifolium micropropagation polyploidy pyrethrum colchicine tetraploidy arabidopsis mulberry hybridSep-OctRapid propagation technology was established and optimized in vitro for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Vis., an important botanical insecticide plant with a huge international market. A large number of buds could be induced directly from epicotyl and hypocotyl explants on Murashige T; Skoog F. J. Plant. Physiol. 15: 473-479; (1962) medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium] supplemented with 0.3 mg l(-1) benzyladenine (BA) and 0.3 mg l(-1) alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Root induction and development could be observed within 15 d after inoculation on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg l(-1) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.1 mg l(-1) rooting powder (ABT). Furthermore, a polyploid breeding study in vitro was reported to obtain superior breeding lines with high yield and good quality. Autotetraploid lines of C. cinerariifolium were obtained by colchicine treatments and identified by root-tip chromosome determination and stoma observation. The chromosome number of the autotetraploid plantlet was 2N=4x=36. Obtained autotetraploid lines will be of important genetic and breeding value and be used for further selection and plant breeding.://000251236000002-235LP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:22 1054-5476ISI:000251236000002Gao, SL China Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Genet & Breeding, PO Box D-02, 1 Shennong Rd, Nanjing 210038, Peoples R China China Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Genet & Breeding, Nanjing 210038, Peoples R China SW Jiaotong Univ, Sch Bioengn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R ChinaEnglish|7'*Shaw, P. Ozanne, C. Speight, M. Palmer, I.2007>Edge effects and arboreal Collembola in coniferous plantations287-293 Pedobiologia514kcanopy collembola meteorology fogging edge effect soil arthropods forest canopies communities habitat trees&We report on the distribution of arboreal Collembola in relation to canopy microclimatic conditions and distance from a forest edge. Collembola were collected by pyrethrum misting from the canopy of 12m commercial plantations of Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis at two sites in northern England, using transects running perpendicularly from a sharp edge (against open moorland). Temperature and humidity were co-recorded at 1.5m elevation. Eleven species of Collembola were recorded, dominated by four known to be arboreal (Entomobrya nivalis, Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, Vertagopus arboreus and Anurophorus laricis) but also including small numbers of supposedly edaphic forms, notably Protaphorura armata. All species were at higher density in the P sitchensis plantations, but otherwise displayed no consistent community structure. Only four significant edge effects were detected in the Collembola data (out of 60 tests), none of which fitted an exponential model. By contrast the majority of the micro-meteorological data showed significant edge effects which were well, modelled by an exponential function. It is concluded that the distribution of arboreal Collembola showed no edge effects, despite the latter being detectable in their meteorological environment. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.://000250640300003-227EP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:44 0031-4056ISI:000250640300003Shaw, P Roehampton Univ, Sch Human & Life Sci, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm, Holybourne Ave, London SW15 4JD, England Roehampton Univ, Sch Human & Life Sci, Ctr Res Ecol & Environm, London SW15 4JD, England Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, EnglandEnglish |7(=Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. Esker, P. Wilson, C. Nutter, F. W.2007qUse of a multispectral radiometer for noninvasive assessments of foliar disease caused by ray blight in pyrethrum 1397-1406 Plant Disease9111cropscan remote sensing spectral reflectance phoma-ligulicola canopy reflectance nitrogen status late leafspot peanut yield defoliation leaves reliabilityNovFoliar disease due to ray blight (Phoma ligulicola) in pyrethrum was quantified at three locations over 2 years in Tasmania, Australia. To obtain a range of ray blight disease intensities, replicated plots were treated with fungicides that varied in efficacy to control ray blight. Visual disease assessments and measurement of canopy reflectance were made at least once during spring (September through December). Visual assessments involved removal of flowering stems at ground level from which measurements of defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight were obtained. Reflectance of sunlight from pyrethrum canopies was measured at 485, 560, 660, 830, and 1,650 nm using a handheld multispectral radiometer. Measurements from these wavelengths also were used to calculate all possible reflectance ratios, as well as four vegetative indices. Relationships between wavelength bands, reflectance ratios, vegetative indices, and disease intensity measures were described by linear regression analyses. Several wavelength bands, ratios, and vegetative indices were significantly related in a linear fashion to visual measures of disease intensity. The most consistent relationships, with high R-2 and low coefficients of variation values, varied with crop growth stage over time. The ratio 830/560 was identified as the best predictor of stem height, defoliation severity, and number of flowers produced on each stem in October. However, reflectance within the near-infrared range (830 nm) and the difference vegetative index was superior in November. The use of radiometric assessment of disease was noninvasive and provided savings in disease assessment time, which is critical where visual assessment is difficult and requires destructive sampling, as with pyrethrum.://000250254700005-221VE Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:48 0191-2917ISI:000250254700005Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, Tasmania Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmania Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas, Australia Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglish |7)7Taylor, M. A. Goodwin, R. M. McBrydie, H. M. Cox, H. M.2007]Destroying managed and feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies to eradicate honey bee pests313-3235New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science353Fapis mellifera honey bee feral eradication fipronil hymenoptera apidaeSep This paper reports on trials conducted to kill managed and feral honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies to eradicate unwanted honey bee pests. The effectiveness of Pestigas-P-TM (natural pyrethrum) for the destruction of managed colonies was assessed. Pestigas-P-TM was effective when applied as a single 15-s spray into an empty three-quarter-depth super and across the top of the frames. This allowed the gas to filter throughout the hive. Piperonyl butoxide (wax = 42.28 mg/kg, honey = 0.34 mg/kg, propolis = 9.2 mg/kg, floor scrapings = 270.34 mg/kg) and pyrethrum (wax = 21.3 mg/kg, honey = 0.06 mg/kg, propolis = 6.8 mg/kg, floor scrapings = 172.4 mg/kg) residues were found in the hive but after 4 weeks these had no detectable effect on newly introduced honey bee colonies. Combined analyses of attractiveness, toxicity, and lethal time trials identified Ascend((R)) 200SC (a.i. fipronil) as effective for depopulating feral honey bee colonies in New Zealand using poisoned baits. Ascend((R)) 200SC is a slow acting stomach toxin. The effect of Ascend((R)) on feral honey bee colonies was assessed in Canterbury, New Zealand in 2003. Nucleus colonies were placed between bait stations set out in a 4 km(2) grid. The stations were pre-baited with sugar syrup which was replaced with sugar syrup containing fipronil (0.05 ml/litre) once 300 bees were foraging from a single bait station. In the autumn trial all 20 colonies died within 13 days of poisoning. After 6 weeks the effect of poisoned hives on the survival of newly introduced colonies was assessed. Five colonies were placed next to 10 poisoned hives in the original eradication area, five colonies were placed with 10 poisoned hives at least 4 km from the original area, and an additional 10 colonies were placed at least 4 km from the original area and 4 km apart. Introduced colonies are likely to die if they consume the stored fipronil in poisoned colonies. This persistent poisoning action increases the likelihood of a honey bee eradication attempt being successful, as the colonies that are not killed in the first round of poisoning may be poisoned by robbing honey containing fipronil from a previously poisoned hive. Fipronil remained toxic in honey for at least 26 months when stored at 0 degrees C, 5 degrees C, and 25 degrees C.://000250474500002-224VJ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:11 0114-0671ISI:000250474500002Taylor, MA Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Honey Bee Res Unit, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand Hort & Food Res Inst New Zealand Ltd, Honey Bee Res Unit, Hamilton, New ZealandEnglish|7*GKavallieratos, N. G. Athanassiou, C. G. Mpakou, F. D. Mpassoukou, A. E.2007Factors affecting laboratory bioassays with diatomaceous earth on stored wheat: Effect of insect density, grain quantity, and cracked kernel containment 1724-1731Journal of Economic Entomology1005;diatomaceous earths laboratory bioassays sitophilus oryzae rhyzopertha dominica tribolium confusum ephestia-kuehniella lepidoptera tribolium-confusum coleoptera sitophilus-oryzae coleoptera flour beetles coleoptera rhyzopertha-dominica f amorphous silica dust relative-humidity product insect l. coleoptera efficacyOctLaboratory bioassays were carried out to evaluate the effect of insect density (10, 30, 60, and 100 adults), wheat quantity (10, 30, 60, and 100 g), and cracked kernel containment (5, 15, 30, and 50%) on the efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE). Three beetle species, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, as well as two DE formulations, Insecto and SilicoSec, and one DE enhanced with pyrethrum, PyriSec (all commercially available) were tested. In the first two series of bioassays, the three DE formulations were applied at three dose rates, 500, 1000 and 1,500 ppm. In the third series, the dose rates used were 500 and 1,000 ppm. Dead adults were counted 14 d later. For insect density, wheat quantity, and cracked kernel containment, significant differences were noted in mortality levels of the tested species among the three DE formulations and among doses. No significant differences were noted in the mortality levels among the four adult densities of any of the insects tested. The increase of wheat quantity used in the bioassays increased significantly adult mortality of T confusum. The increase of cracked wheat containment decreased significantly adult mortality of S. oryzae.://000250154700030-220KD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:40 0022-0493ISI:000250154700030Kavallieratos, NG Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, Kifissia, Attica, Greece Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Attica, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, EL-11855 Athens, GreeceEnglish j|7+Barr, D. B. Leng, G. Berger-Preiss, E. Hoppe, H. W. Weerasekera, G. Gries, W. Gerling, S. Perez, J. Smith, K. Needham, L. L. Angerer, J.2007rCross validation of multiple methods for measuring pyrethroid and pyrethrum insecticide metabolites in human urine811-818&Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry3893pyrethroid insecticides pyrethrum biomonitoring mass spectrometry intercomparison human dose-excretion mass-spectrometry cypermethrinOct!The objective of our study was to compare three vastly different analytical methods for measuring urinary metabolites of pyrethroid and pyrethrum insecticides to determine whether they could produce comparable data and to determine if similar analytical characteristics of the methods could be obtained by a secondary laboratory. This study was conducted as a part of a series of validation studies undertaken by the German Research Foundation's Committee on the Standardization of Analytical Methods for Occupational and Environmental Medicine. We compared methods using different sample preparation methods (liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction with and without chemical derivatization) and different analytical detection methods (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (single quadrupole), gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (magnetic sector) in both electron impact ionization and negative chemical ionization modes, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) with electrospray ionization). Our cross validation proved that similar analytical characteristics could be obtained with any combination of sample preparation/analytical detection method and that all methods produced comparable analytical results on unknown urine samples.://000249645800017-213DH Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:19 1618-2642ISI:000249645800017Barr, DB Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA Bayer Ind Serv GmbH & Co OHG, Inst Biol Monitoring, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Med Lab Bremen, D-28357 Bremen, Germany Batelle Mem Inst, Bel Air, MD USA Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Occupat Social & Environm Med, D-91054 Erlangen, GermanyEnglish |7,QPethybridge, S. J. Esker, P. Dixon, P. Hay, F. Groom, T. Wilson, C. Nutter, F. W.2007KQuantifying loss caused by ray blight disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields 1116-1121 Plant Disease919udisease loss yield loss phoma-ligulicola mycosphaerella-ligulicola chrysanthemum fungicides resistance accuracy cropsSepThe efficacy of newly implemented fungicide recommendations on reducing the intensity of ray blight disease caused by Phoma ligulicola to achieve site-specific attainable yield potentials in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields was quantified over two seasons in 46 and 51 fields during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons, respectively. Disease intensity and yield in two plots (10 x 4 m), one following the commercial fungicide protocol recommendations and the second receiving no fungicide, were assessed in each pyrethrum field. The commercial fungicide protocol consisted of one application of azoxystrobin at 150 g a.i./ha, followed by two applications of a tank mixture of difenoconazole at 125 g a.i./ha and chlorothalonil at 1,008 liters a.i./ha at 14- to 21-day intervals. This program resulted in significant decreases in defoliation severity and the incidence of stems and flowers with ray blight, and increases in the height of stems and number of flowers produced per stem in October and November. In plots receiving the commercial fungicide protocol, the dry weight of flowers was increased by 76 and 68% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Moreover, pyrethrin yield increased by 81 and 78% when the commercial fungicide protocol was used compared with the nontreated plots. Tobit regression was used to examine the relationships and thresholds among disease intensity measures (defoliation severity, stem severity, and incidence of flowers with ray blight) assessed just prior to harvest. This regression utilized a left-censored regression model to define subminimal thresholds, as none of the disease intensity measures could be less than 0. Defoliation severity had a threshold of 35.3% before stem severity linearly increased and a threshold of 38.2% before the incidence of flowers with ray blight linearly increased. Finally, the threshold for stem severity was 13.7% before the incidence of flowers with ray blight linearly increased. These thresholds can be used to assist growers in making disease management decisions with the objective of minimizing loss of flowers by maintaining defoliation severity below the critical point at which the incidence of flowers with ray blight begins to linearly increase.://000248999900009-203UQ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:29 0191-2917ISI:000248999900009Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, Tasmania Inst Agr Res, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmania Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Burnie, Tas 7320, AustraliaEnglish|7->Youssef, D. T. A. Ramadan, M. A. Ibrahim, S. R. M. Badr, J. M.2007DCytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones of Egyptian Tanacetum santolinoides795-798Natural Product Communications28tanacetum santolinoides sesquiterpene lactones tanacetolide a brine shrimp bioassay pyrethrum-santolinoides parthenolide constituents parthenium fertigThe chloroform soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Tanacetum santolinoides afforded six sesquiterpene lactones. Tanacetolide A (1) was isolated for the first time from a natural source, in addition to five known sesquiterpene lactones. The structures were established on the basis of extensive studies of their ID and 2D (H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, HMBC, HOHAHA and NOESY) NMR spectra and FAB mass spectral determinations. The compounds showed good cytotoxic activity when tested using the brine shrimp bioassay.://000249007900001-203XS Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:23 1934-578XISI:000249007900001Youssef, DTA Suez Canal Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Ismailia 41522, Egypt Suez Canal Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Ismailia 41522, Egypt Assiut Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Assiut, EgyptEnglish|7.%Berglund, R. Svensson, B. Nilsson, C.2007iEvaluation of methods to control Phytonemus pallidus and Anthonomus rubi in organic strawberry production573-578Journal of Applied Entomology1318fragaria x ananassa duch neoseiulus cucumeris biological control fleece pyrethrum blossom weevil removal damage pests yield budSepUse of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) and a fleece cover in combination with pyrethrum application showed potential for control of two important pests in organic production of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), although there were some unexpected interactions between pyrethrum and the release of N. cucumeris that need to be investigated further. Two cultivars, Honeoye and Cavendish, were treated with pyrethrum with or without fleece to control strawberry blossom weevils [Anthonomus rubi Herbst. (Col., Curculionidae)] and N. cucumeris was released to control strawberry mites [Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) (Acari, Tarsonemidae)]. Number of strawberry mites, number of flower buds damaged by the weevil, incidence of grey mould and powdery mildew, and fruit yield were measured in two consecutive fruiting seasons. In Honeoye, the fleece in combination with pyrethrum decreased the proportion of damaged buds by 11-23% and increased yield by 49-91 g per plant. When pyrethrum was used alone it did not influence the number of damaged buds or yield. This indicates that the combined treatment was more effective because of the fleece. In Cavendish, the fleece and pyrethrum treatments were not found to be effective. Almost no P. pallidus was found in Honeoye and the results were not analysable. In plots with Cavendish where N. cucumeris had been released, there were approximately 50% fewer P. pallidus from the end of August onwards in 2003. However, this response did not significantly influence the succeeding year's yield. The number of fruits infected with fungi was very low and no effects were observed for any of the treatments.://000249168400013-206FD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:20 0931-2048ISI:000249168400013uBerglund, R Univ Agr Sci, Dept Hort, POB 44, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden Univ Agr Sci, Dept Hort, SE-23053 Alnarp, SwedenEnglish |7/2Cross, J. V. Cubison, S. Harris, A. Harrington, R.2007TAutumn control of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), with aphicides 1140-1149Crop Protection268insecticide gynoparae oviparae dysaphis plantaginea apple organic chemical control rosy apple aphid kaolin neem extract pyrethrum pirimicarb cypermethrinAug;Rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), is normally controlled in commercial apple orchards by an application of an aphicide in the spring. Control is often inadequate, especially in organic production where the range of aphicides permitted, which are only contact acting, is very restricted. A series of eight large-scale replicated orchard experiments evaluated control of rosy apple aphid by autumn applications of aphicides. The experiments showed that control of the aphid in the autumn with pirimicarb or pirimicarb + cypermethrin can be highly effective and, with 2-3 sprays of the organically permitted insecticide pyrethrum, moderately effective. The optimum time for spraying was week 40-41 (early-mid October), coinciding with the start of migration of males and before mating and egg laying, as indicated by Rothamsted Insect Survey suction traps at 8 sites throughout England. The other organically acceptable materials tested (potassium soap, rotenone, garlic extract, kaolin, neem extract, starch-based plant extracts) did not give useful control. The vulnerability of gynoparae and oviparae on the flat undersides of leaves (i.e. leaves not curled by aphid feeding) in the autumn where they can be directly intercepted with sprays, compared to the inaccessibility of fundatrices and fundatrigeniae enclosed in blossom clusters and leaves curled by aphid feeding in spring, is discussed. The need to develop assessment methods and treatment thresholds for autumn treatment so routine spraying can be avoided, is highlighted. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000248037000006-190DA Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:20 0261-2194ISI:000248037000006Cross, JV E Malling Res, New Rd, Maidstone ME19 6BJ, Kent, England E Malling Res, Maidstone ME19 6BJ, Kent, England Henry Doubleday Res Assoc, Ryton Organ Gardens, Coventry CV8 3LG, W Midlands, England Rothamsted Res, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, EnglandEnglish |70Sims, S. R. Appel, A. G.2007Linear alcohol ethoxylates: Insecticidal and synergistic effects on German cockroaches (Blattodea : Blattellidae) and other insects871-879Journal of Economic Entomology1003blattella germanica surfactant synergism outdoor stream mesocosms ixodes-scapularis acari aquatic invertebrates nonionic surfactant daphnia-magna homologous series acute toxicity responses desiccant ixodidaeJun&Sixteen linear ethoxylated alcohol surfactants (AEOs) were studied to determine their contact insecticidal activity to adult German Cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Within groups of AEOs of equal carbon chain length, insecticidal activity, measured as LT,, values (in minutes) and 24-h mortality after treatment, was inversely related to the amount of ethoxylation. There was a highly significant negative relationship between the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of the AEO and contact toxicity. The AEO with the lowest HLB value, Tomadol 23-1 (HLB = 3.7), produced the greatest 24-h cockroach mortality. The contact activity of Tomadol 23-1 was evaluated against a wide range of other insect species. Most species were killed within 24 h by direct exposure (1-4 mu l of a 50% ethanol solution) to Tomadol 23-1 or by spray exposure to an aqueous solution. Tomadol 23-1, at a sublethal concentration, was tested in combination with representative members of the carbamate, nicotinoid, organophosphate, pyrethrum, pyrethroid, and pyrrole insecticide classes. Significant synergism was demonstrated in combinations of Tomadol 23-1 and chlorfenapyr, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and pyrethrum. Tomadol 23-1 significantly reduced the insecticidal activity of propoxur, suggesting antagonism. The insecticidal activity of Tomadol 23-1 was synergized by coapplication with a sublethal amount of piperonyl butoxide, indicating the involvement of cytochrome P450 microsomal monooxygenases in insect metabolism of AEO surfactants.://000246950300031-174NZ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:34 0022-0493ISI:000246950300031Sims, SR Whitmire Microgen, 3568 Tree Court Ind Blvd, St Louis, MO 63122 USA Whitmire Microgen, St Louis, MO 63122 USA Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Auburn, AL 36849 USAEnglish|718Jones, S. J. Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Wilson, C. R.2007Phylogenetic relationships inferred from translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequences between Phoma ligulicola isolates causing disease on pyrethrum and chrysanthemumS53-S53Phytopathology977Jul://0002474700003255Suppl. S 181XP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 0031-949XISI:000247470000325iUniv Tasmania, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglish2|726Jones, S. Pethybridge, S. Hay, F. Groom, T. Wilson, C.2007nBaseline sensitivity of australian Phoma ligulicola isolates from pyrethrum to azoxystrobin and difenoconazole377-380Journal of Phytopathology1556fungicide resistance sterol demethylation inhibitors strobilurins venturia-inaequalis kresoxim-methyl fungicides resistance chrysanthemum populations diseaseJunRay blight caused by Phoma ligulicola is an important disease of pyrethrum in Australia, and successful management relies upon the fungicides, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. Azoxystrobin and difenoconazole were introduced into pyrethrum production in 2001. The sensitivity of P. ligulicola isolates collected in 2003 to azoxystrobin (n = 56) and difenoconazole (n = 61) was tested. Testing for sensitivity to azoxystrobin and difenoconazole used a conidial germination and mycelial growth assay respectively. For each fungicide, the effective dose required to reduce mycelial growth or conidial germination by 50% (EC50) was determined by probit analysis. The EC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 0.193 mu g/ml for azoxystrobin and 0.04 to 13.8 mu g/ml for difenoconazole. No evidence was found for cross-resistance between azoxystrobin and difenoconazole in this baseline population. This information serves as important baseline data for tracking future changes in sensitivities of P. ligulicola to these fungicides.://000246622800010-169WM Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:15 0931-1785ISI:000246622800010&Pethybridge, S Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Cradle Coast Campus,POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, Australia Univ Tasmania, New Town Res Labs, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglishq|73+Van Dam, A. R. Van Dam, M. H. Heraty, J. M.2007pA comparison of pyrethrum fogging and screen-sweep netting of micro-hymenoptera in Southern California chaparral192-205Journal of Hymenoptera Research161Ndiversity trap arthropods canopy biodiversity insects design forest fauna sizeApr-Three chaparral plant species, Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Arn. (Rosaceae), Ceanothus megacarpus Nutt. (Rhamnaceae) and Quercus berberidifolia Liebm. (Fagaceae), were sampled for micro-Hymenoptera in the Santa Rosa Plateau Nature Reserve in Southern California. Two sampling methods of the shrub's canopy are contrasted: screen-sweep netting and pyrethrum fogging. Using both sampling methods and across all of the plant hosts, 242 species of Hymenoptera were collected. A total of 558 individuals and 173 species were collected by fogging, and 287 individuals and 115 species by screen sweeping. Although fogging captured more individuals and species, results were significant only for the number of individuals collected on Quercus and number of species on Adenostoma. On the three different plants, fogging sampled a similar or greater number of species than did screen sweeping. In terms of estimating species richness, fogging had an equivalent or greater efficiency than sweeping for collecting individuals and species. When combined with the labor efficiency involved in processing field samples, fogging is superior to screen sweeping. However, given the sample sizes within this study, both techniques are necessary, with the fogging technique sampling only 71.5% of the total number of species of Hymenoptera.://000246496000009-168BA Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:41 1070-9428ISI:000246496000009Van Dam, AR Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USAEnglish |74oSogoba, N. Doumbia, S. Vounatsou, P. Bagayoko, M. M. Dolo, G. Traore, S. F. Maiga, H. M. Toure, Y. T. Smith, T.2007RMalaria transmission dynamics in Niono, Mali: The effect of the irrigation systems232-240 Acta Tropica1013malaria office du niger casier plots hors-casier plots anopheles funestus an. gambiae s.l rice cultivation cote-divoire mosquitos villages paddies bouake sahel cityMar2The type of water management and drainage system could be a potential reason for variation in malaria transmission in rice cultivation areas. To investigate this we have compared the population dynamics of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in rice plots with controlled and uncontrolled water depth, i.e. casiers and hors-casiers, respectively in the Office du Niger, Mali. We also compared malaria transmission in areas with mixed and casiers plots. Larval collection was performed fortnightly with the standard WHO dipping technique. Adult Anopheles were collected both by pyrethrum spray and landing catches. During the dry season rice cultivation cycle, the larval density in the hors-casier was significantly higher than in the casier plots. The larval peak in the casier plots was considerably smaller than the one in the hors-casier. During the rainy season, no significant difference was observed between the two plot types. However, larval densities begin to rise approximately one month earlier in the casier then in the hors-casier plots, and continued to increase trough the rice development phases until the grain filling/maturation phase, declining thereafter. In contrast, in the hors-casier rice plots larval density increased throughout the rice development. This difference was not significantly reflected in the adult vector density and man biting rate. However, high relative frequencies of Anophelesfunestus, survival and entomological inoculation rates of An. gambiae s.l. were observed in the mixed plot sector. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000246244000008-164OS Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:19 0001-706XISI:000246244000008Vounatsou, P Swiss Trop Inst, Socinstr 57,POB 4051, Basel, Switzerland Swiss Trop Inst, Basel, Switzerland Univ Bamako, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Fac Med, Bamako, Mali WHO AFRO, Vector Biol & Control Unit, Div Prevent & Control Communicable Dis, Libreville, Gabon Univ Bamako, Fac Sci & Tech, Bamako, Mali WHO, Special Program Res & Training Trop Dis, CH-1211 Geneva 27, SwitzerlandEnglishr|75-Franzosa, J. A. Osimitz, T. G. Maibach, H. I.2007gCutaneous contact urticaria to pyrethrum-real?, common?, or not documented?: An evidence-based approach57-72Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology261,allergic conjunctivitis allergic rhinitis anaphylaxis asthma compositae contact urticaria cross-sensitivity insecticide pesticide pyrethrin pyrethrum type i hypersensitivity occupational allergy sunflower pollen immediate-type dermatitis shampoo hypersensitivity sensitization flowers growers workersReports suggest that pyrethrum, the insecticidally active extract from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, can induce Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions in humans. Using knowledge of pyrethrum chemistry and an evidence-based analysis of literature, whether current refined pyrethrum induces and/or elicits skin manifestations of contact urticaria was assessed. Current extraction and refinement techniques suggest that refined pyrethrum lacks the presence of significant, if any, proteins speculated to induce Type 1 hypersensitivity. Our interpretation suggests that no reports of Type 1 reactions presented in the literature fulfill the criteria for immunologic contact urticaria. Future patient testing with current commercial material should clarify its Type 1 immunologic potential, if any.://000246083100006-162JM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:39 1556-9527ISI:000246083100006Osimitz, TG Sci Strategies LLC, 600 E Water St, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA Sci Strategies LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAEnglishG|766Kent, R. T. Mharakurwa, S. Hamapumbu, H. Norris, D. E.2007rRecognition of a novel melanotic mutant in a field population of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in southern Zambia71-754Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association231culex pipiens quinquefasciatus melanotic mutant zambia macha larval color gene-sequences rose eye culicidae diptera mosquito identification sayMarGenetic mutations controlling eye color. fat body color, structural abnormalities, and insecticide resistance are common in mosquitoes. We have identified a novel color variant of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus characterized by a heavily pigmented integument in adult specimens circulating in field populations of this species in southern Zambia. Mosquitoes were collected monthly by pyrethrum spray catch between November and May 2004-05 and 2005-06, with between 25% and 80% of the total Cx. p. quinquefasciatus collections comprising this pigmented variety. The identify of pigmented specimens was morphologically confirmed as Cx. p. quinquefasciatus by examination of orientation of the dorsal and ventral arms of the male genitalia of F1 male progeny reared in the laboratory, and molecularly verified by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase subunit 4 nucleotide sequence homology. Preliminary laboratory rearings indicated that the pigmentation was heritable and not influenced by larval habitat and environmental conditions. Further investigation into the mechanism of the mutation, inheritance patterns, and potential linkage to additional markers is pending.://000245866500011-159LF Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:35 8756-971XISI:000245866500011XKent, RT Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, W Harry Feinstone Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Johns Hopkins Malaria Res Inst, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, W Harry Feinstone Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Johns Hopkins Malaria Res Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA Malaria Inst Macha, Choma, ZambiaEnglish N|77 Gruner, D. S.2007~Geological age, ecosystem development, and local resource constraints on arthropod community structure in the Hawaiian Islands551-570)Biological Journal of the Linnean Society903canopy arthropod community structure evolutionary lineage geological chronosequence mesic forest ecosystems metrosideros polymorpha nutrient availability productivity species diversity and richness trophic structure predator-prey ratios term soil development montane rain-forest species richness adaptive radiation insect community gamma-diversity productivity speciation biodiversityMarAn ongoing debate in evolutionary ecology concerns the relative role of contemporary vs. historical processes in determining local species richness and community structure. At sites along a 4 Mya geological chronosequence on Hawai'i, Moloka'i and Kaua'i, numerous extrinsic factors can be held constant, but ecosystem fertility and nutrient availability are low, both very young and very old sites, peaking at intermediate geological age across islands. Thus, contemporary resource traits are similar among sites with different biogeographical legacies, and these opposing gradients allowed a test of their relative importance for arboreal arthropod community structure. Pyrethrum knockdown was used to sample arboreal arthropods from Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae), the dominant tree throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Arthropod abundances and sample-based species richness peaked at more productive, intermediate-aged sites, but did not correlate with geological age. The proportions of individuals and biomass in trophic groups and in different taxonomic orders differed widely across sites, but proportions of species in trophic groups were more regular than the chance expectation. Species richness in local communities did not accumulate or pack more tightly with increasing geological age to the oldest island. Intermediate-aged islands may be contemporary peaks of richness, mediated by ecosystem development and senescence. Although historical and evolutionary processes generate diversity at broad scales, local communities converged in trophic structure and composition, and ecosystem resource availability constrained arthropod numbers and richness at local scales. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London.://000245107100014.148WC Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:133 0024-4066ISI:000245107100014Gruner, DS Univ Calif Davis, Bodega Marine Lab, POB 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool & Ecol, Evolut & Conservat Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USAEnglish|78@Haque, S. Farooqi, A. H. A. Gupta, M. M. Sangwan, R. S. Khan, A.2007Effect of ethrel, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol on growth and pyrethrins accumulation in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.263-269Plant Growth Regulation513chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium ethrel chlormequat chloride paclobutrazol pyrethrins essential oil content ethylene yield seedlings acid peppermint regulators induction plants sageMar Pyrethrins and flower yield of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Viz.) plants were determined after application of ethrel, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol. Ethrel at 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg l(-1) produced a significant positive effect on pyrethrins level, decreased plant height, while 50 and 100 mg l(-1) significantly increased fresh and dry flower yield. Chlormequat chloride at 1000 and 2000 mg l(-1) and paclobutrazol (80 and 160 mg l(-1)) increased pyrethrins level, single flower weight and decreased plant height and flower yield. C-14-acetate incorporation studies further substantiated positive effect of growth retardants on pyrethrins biosynthesis. The effect of growth retardants on pyrethrins seems to be mediated through its effect on biosynthesis.://000244725100008-143MB Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:32 0167-6903ISI:000244725100008nFarooqi, AHA CIMAP, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEnglish|799Richter, A. Klein, A. M. Tscharntke, T. Tylianakis, J. M.2007KAbandonement of coffee agroforests increases insect abundance and diversity175-182Agroforestry Systems693coffea arabica ecuador edge effect insects predator-prey ratios beetles coleoptera natural enemies shade coffee biodiversity habitat conservation arthropod mexico agroecosystems plantations managementMarShade coffee including many tree species is known to support generally high biodiversity. Due to low coffee prices on the world market, many farmers have abandoned their farms, thereby creating a new ecosystem type, which has attracted increasing interest for biodiversity conservation. Here we used pyrethrum knockdown samples to compare the arthropod community on coffee plants of six traditionally managed coffee agroforests with those of six abandoned coffee agroforests in coastal Ecuador. We investigated eight randomly selected coffee shrubs per site, six of them inside and two at the edge. All arthropods were identified to orders and beetles to morphospecies. We additionally sampled the vegetation to test for vegetation-mediated effects on the arthropod community. The number of arthropod individuals was higher in abandoned than managed coffee, driven by the abundance of Arachnida, Blattaria, and Heteroptera, and higher in the edge than in the centre of the abandoned agroforests. Higher arthropod abundance appeared to be closely related to arthropod diversity, as shown for beetles (r = 0.79, n = 96). Contrary to expectations, predator-prey ratios in managed agroforests was as high as in the abandoned ones. In conclusion, abandonment of coffee agroforests greatly encourages arthropod communities, in particular in the habitat edges, and therefore, should be considered in landscape management for conservation.://000244683900001-142XF Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:30 0167-4366ISI:000244683900001lRichter, A Univ Gottingen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany Univ Gottingen, D-37073 Gottingen, GermanyEnglish|7: Short, P. L.2007Brushing up on plant riches27-29Chemical & Engineering News859Feb 26Aspirin, belladonna, digoxin, morphine, pyrethrum, quinine. The names read like a litany of the tonics, infusions, and other remedies people have turned to over the ages for their aches and pains. All are phytochemicals derived from plants or inspired by plant chemistry. Either as extracts or as purified compounds, such medicines have been used for centuries to protect or treat people, animals, and crops. Far from being old school, the field of phytochemistry is being revitalized by sophisticated analysis, derivatization, and synthesis techniques. Armed with these tools and a new appreciation for the effectiveness of traditional remedies, companies are bringing a new clutch of phytochemicals to the market.://000244518800032,140PU Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 0009-2347ISI:000244518800032English|7;8Odiere, M. Bayoh, M. N. Vulule, J. Irungu, L. Walker, E.2007vSampling outdoor, resting Anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in Western Kenya with clay pots14-22Journal of Medical Entomology441anopheles gambiae sampling outdoor resting clay pots malaria transmission funestus diptera blood meals complex behavior indoor nets areaJanQClay pots were analyzed as devices for sampling the outdoor resting fraction of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) and other mosquito species in a rural, western Kenya. Clay pots (Anopheles gambiae resting pots, herein AgREPOTs), outdoor pit shelters, indoor pyrethrum spray collections (PSC), and Colombian curtain exit traps were compared in collections done biweekly for nine intervals from April to June 2005 in 20 housing compounds. Of 10,517 mosquitoes sampled, 4,668 An. gambiae s.l. were sampled in total of which 63% were An. gambiae s.s. (46% female) and 37% were An. arabiensis (66% female). The clay pots were useful and practical for sampling both sexes of An. gambiae s.l. Additionally, 617 An. funestus (58% female) and 5,232 Culex spp. (males and females together) were collected. Temporal changes in abundance of An. gambiae s.l. were similarly revealed by all four sampling methods, indicating that the clay pots could be used as devices to quantify variation in mosquito population density. Dispersion patterns of the different species and sexes fit well the negative binomial distribution, indicating that the mosquitoes were aggregated in distribution. Aside from providing a useful sampling tool, the AgREPOT also may be useful as a delivery vehicle for insecticides or pathogens to males and females that enter and rest in them.://000243365400003-124JZ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:21 0022-2585ISI:000243365400003JWalker, E Michigan State Univ, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Branch, Chamblee, GA 30341 USAEnglishF|7<<Osimitz, T. G. Franzosa, J. A. Maciver, D. R. Maibach, H. I.2006mPyrethrum allergic contact dermatitis in humans-Real?, common?, or not documented? An evidence-based approach287-308Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology254&allergic contact dermatitis compositae cross sensitivity insecticide pesticide pyrethrin pyrethrosin pyrethrum sesquiterpene lactones type iv hypersensitivity sesquiterpene-lactone compositae dermatitis chrysanthemum allergy sensitization plants sensitivity pesticides frullania extracts familyPyrethrum has been reported to produce allergic contact dermatitis in humans. Moreover, it has been speculated that cross reactions occur in ragweed-sensitized people. This review presents the botany, contemporary chemistry, and case reports of alleged allergic contact dermatitis. Our interpretation suggests that the evidence presented in literature does not show that allergic contact dermatitis results from exposure to pyrethrum. Similarly, the data do not suggest cross reactions in ragweed-sensitized people. Changes in the chemical composition of the refined pyrethrins suggest the putative sensitizer is present at a lower level in today's refined extracts than in ground pyrethrum flowers or the extracts used earlier.://000242997200006-119FC Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:61 1556-9527ISI:000242997200006Osimitz, TG Sci Strategies LLC, 600 E Water St, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA Sci Strategies LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22902 USA Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAEnglish|7=IHarbison, J. E. Mathenge, E. M. Misiani, G. O. Mukabana, W. R. Day, J. F.2006A simple method for sampling indoor-resting malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus (Diptera : Culicidae) in Africa473-479Journal of Medical Entomology433vresting box ceiling net kenya anopheles adult mosquito collection western kenya exposure children vectors density trapMayUSampling indoor resting African malaria vectors is traditionally done by hand catches with oral or mechanical aspirators and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs). In this study, we designed and briefly evaluated an inexpensive but practical alternative by using a cloth resting box or wicker resting basket and a ceiling net. Evaluations were performed in greenhouse and field situations in rural Kenya by comparing capture rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus (Giles) in these traps to hand collections and PSCs. A resting box and a ceiling net when used together collected more mosquitoes than a single collector using a hand-held aspirator but only one-third the number collected by PSCs. At sites where PSCs are impractical, a resting box and ceiling net can be effectively used as an alternative to hand catches in malaria surveillance.://000242788500005-116FS Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:25 0022-2585ISI:000242788500005[Harbison, JE Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Mbita Point, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Dept Zool, Hlth Policy & Vector Biol Unit, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USAEnglish|7>DJensen, H. R. Scott, I. M. Sims, S. R. Trudeau, V. L. Arnason, J. T.2006The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster (vol 15, pg 329, 2006)861-861Insect Molecular Biology156Dec://000242789800014,116GF Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:1 0962-1075ISI:000242789800014English |7?9Afolabi, B. M. Amajoh, C. N. Adewole, T. A. Salako, L. A.2006ySeasonal and temporal variations in the population and biting habit of mosquitoes on the Atlantic coast of Lagos, Nigeria200-208Medical Principles and Practice153entomological inoculation rate anopheles gambiae complex malaria human-biting rate mosquito density nigeria, coast of malaria transmission vectorial capacity bed nets curtains complex others peopleNObjectives: To determine the hourly density of vector mosquitoes in coastal Nigeria, compare seasonal human-biting and sporozoite rates in the vector density, locate breeding sites of mosquitoes, and determine larval population at breeding sites. Materials and Methods: Indoor and outdoor mosquitoes of a coastal Nigerian community were caught during early and late wet seasons and in the harmattan period, a time of dusty wind from the Sahara on the western coast of Africa. Larvae were collected from various locations during the study period. The mosquitoes were physically characterized and their salivary glands dissected for sporozoite rate. Larvae density was calculated. Human-biting rate was calculated for Anopheles gambiae complex. Results: Of the 4,317 female A. gambiae complex collected during the night bait catches, 3,543 (82.1%) were from outdoors and 774 (17.9%) from indoors during the three seasons. The maximum human-biting rate approached 25/h and the sporozoite rate was almost 3.0%. These vector mosquitoes were mainly outdoor biting and midnight feeding. Of the 1,269 Anopheles mosquitoes collected with pyrethrum spray catches, 1,245 (98.1%) were A. gambiae complex. There was no significant difference in the entomological inoculation or sporozoite rates during the three seasons of study. There was a preponderance of A. gambiae complex larvae from larval collection. Conclusion: Findings from this study should be useful in the implementation of Integrated Vector Management for the control of malaria in coastal and noncoastal areas of Nigeria. Copyright (C) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.://000242846400006-117BB Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:30 1011-7571ISI:000242846400006Afolabi, BM World Hlth Org, 443 Herbert Macaulay St, Lagos 1026, Nigeria World Hlth Org, Lagos 1026, Nigeria Nigerian Inst Med Res, Yaba, Nigeria Fed Vaccine Prod Lab, Yaba, Nigeria Fed Minist Hlth, Malaria & Vector Control Unit, Abuja, NigeriaEnglish |7@!Athanassiou, C. G. Palyvos, N. E.2006Laboratory evaluation of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Blattisocius keegani fox (Mesostigmata, Ascidae) and Cheyletus malaccensis oudemans (Prostigmata, Cheyletidae)350-355Biological Control383diatomaceous earth blattisocius keegani cheyletus malaccensis ephestia kuehniella stored wheat oryzae l. coleoptera stored-wheat different temperatures insecticidal efficacy tribolium-confusum moisture-content mites grain curculionidae tenebrionidaeSepDiatomaceous earths (DEs) are very promising natural-origin pesticides against stored-product pests, but there is still inadequate information about the effect of DEs against stored-product mites. For this purpose, laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess the effects of DEs against the predatory mites Blattisocius keegani Fox (Mesostigmata, Ascidae) and Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Prostigmata, Cheyletidae). Two DEs were used: SilicoSec, which contains 92% SiO2 and PyriSec which contains 95.7% SilicoSec, 1.2% natural pyrethrum and 3.1% piperonyl butoxide. As prey, eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used. The tests were conducted at three temperatures, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C, on wheat treated with DEs at two dose rates, 500 and 1000 ppm and mortality of mite individuals was measured after 7 days of exposure. For B. keegani, protonymphs were proved significantly less susceptible in comparison with adults, in most temperature/DE combinations examined. Also, for both DEs, significantly more B. keegani adults were dead at 30 degrees C than at the other two temperatures. C. malaccensis protonymphs were less susceptible than adults, for both DEs tested, with the exception of PyriSec at 30 degrees C. In the case of adults, in SilicoSec-treated wheat, significantly fewer individuals were dead at 30 degrees C in comparison with the other two temperatures, but this was reversed for PyriSec. The results of the present work indicate that both species are susceptible to the two DEs tested, but this susceptibility is highly determined by several factors such as formulation, dose rate and temperature. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000240077600010-078CA Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:41 1049-9644ISI:000240077600010Palyvos, NE Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, Athens 11855, GreeceEnglish|7A Rayman, R. B.2006Aircraft disinsection733-736)Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine777#disinsection pyrethrins pyrethroidsJulXAircraft disinsection has been an international practice since the 1920s, the purpose of which is to protect public health, the environment, agriculture, and livestock by the eradication of disease vectors. Although most nations of the world have discontinued this practice, about 20 continue with this requirement. Aircraft disinsection is sanctioned by international law with the World Health Organization (WHO) publishing general procedural guidelines in the International Health Regulations (IHR). There are currently four acceptable procedures: blocks away, top of descent, on arrival, and residual. A 2% pyrethrum solution, a naturally occurring Substance found in the chrysanthemum flower, or several synthetic pyrethroids, are the recommended agents because they are extremely effective insecticides which pose minimal health risks. Although the use of insecticides for aircraft disinsection is controversial, national policies compelling this requirement must be respected. This paper will explore the background of aircraft disinsection, the procedures, the types of agents, and the toxicity. If aircraft disinsection is regulatory policy, it should be done in accordance with WHO procedures. Residual application is probably the most efficacious method. The use of air curtains or plastic strips should be explored as an alternative to the use of chemicals.://000239049300009-063VZ Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:15 0095-6562ISI:000239049300009pRayman, RB Aerosp Med Assoc, 320 S Henry St, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA Aerosp Med Assoc, Alexandria, VA 22314 USAEnglish |7B0Vayias, B. J. Athanassiou, C. G. Buchelos, C. T.2006Evaluation of three diatomaceous earth and one natural pyrethrum formulations against pupae of Tribolium confusum DuVal (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) on wheat and flour766-772Crop Protection258diatomaceous earth natural pyrethrum piperonyl butoxide tribolium confusum pupae emergence insecticidal efficacy sitophilus-granarius beetles coleoptera united-states curculionidae temperature resistance silicosec toxicity humidityAugLaboratory tests evaluated the effect of three diatomaceous earth (DE) and one natural pyrethrum formulations, against pupae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum DuVal (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on wheat and flour. The formulations were Silicosec (R), containing 92% SiO2, Pyrisec (R), which contains Silicosec with 1.2% natural pyrethrum and 3.1% piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and Insecto (R), containing 86.7% SiO2 and 10% food-grade additives. To evaluate the impact of natural pyrethrum alone, PBK (R) polvere (Copyr S.p.a, Tradate, Italy), containing 0.8% natural pyrethrum and 2.1% PBO was also tested. Pupae were exposed to the above formulations at 25 and 30 degrees C and 65% rh. The DE formulations were applied at two dose rates 500 and 1000 ppm, and PBK (R) polvere at 750 and 1500 ppm. Pupae of two ages were examined, 1-d and 5-d old. After 8 d exposure, in the case of 1 d old pupae, and 4 d exposure, in the case of 5 d old pupae, the emergence of T. confusum adults was measured. In addition, 7 d after emergence, mortality of the emerged adults was recorded. Temperature had no effect on adult emergence. Silicosec (R) and Insecto (R) did not affect emergence, since all pupae on treated commodities successfully emerged into adults. In contrast, the other two formulations significantly decreased adult emergence. Also, with these two formulations, significantly more adults were emerged on flour than on wheat. Furthermore, adult emergence was significantly higher in 5-d old pupae than in 1-d old ones. Mortality of the emerged adults was noted with all formulations tested and ranged between 34% and 100%. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000238497000007-056BW Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:29 0261-2194ISI:000238497000007Athanassiou, CG Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Attica, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, Athens 11855, Attica, GreeceEnglish|7C+Peay, S. Hiley, P. D. Collen, P. Martin, I.2006CBiocide treatment of ponds in Scotland to eradicate signal crayfish 1363-13793Bulletin Francais De La Peche Et De La Pisciculture380-81Ppacifastacus leniusculus eradication biocide ponds natural pyrethrum populationsKThis trial aimed to eradicate illegally introduced signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in the North Esk catchment, Scotland. Sites treated were (1) an isolated gravel-pit (C. 9,000 m(3)), with crayfish present for 6 years; (2) three dammed ponds, (c. 5,000 m(3)) and (3) a leaking, offline pond (c. 6,000 m(3)), with crayfish for two years. Preliminary toxicity tests with substrate present indicated doses. Treatment at sites (1) and (2) (in October 2004, water temperature 13 degrees C) comprised deoxygenation with sodium sulphite to stimulate emergence, then application of natural pyrethrum (Pyblast). Exposed margins were sprayed with Pylblast to prevent escapes. Crayfish mortality was high, but one survivor was seen after 5 days. Pyblast was applied from a tank with Na2SO3 residue, which subsequent investigation indicated reduced Pyblast below the target 0.1 mg l(-1). Site (1) was re-treated (end October, target 0.15 mg l(-1) Pyblast, no Na2SO3, 9 degrees C). Mortality was confirmed using caged crayfish. Prior to treatment at site (2), throughflow was stopped and fish removed. Biomonitoring was carried out with freshwater shrimps Gammarus in the adjacent watercourse. Treatment of site (3) (December, target 0.2 mg l(-1), 4 degrees C) necessitated continuous back-pumping of leakage for a 2-week recovery period to avoid contamination of the river downstream. Caged crayfish took up to 5 days for 100% mortality. No crayfish were found in a summer survey after the treatments with Pyblast alone, but were caught in the ponds with Na2SO3 pre-treatment. Monitoring is required for 2-5 years.://000238530200041-056NH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31 0767-2861ISI:000238530200041Hiley, PD Desing Innovat Ctr, 46 The Calls, Leeds LS2 7EY, W Yorkshire, England Desing Innovat Ctr, Leeds LS2 7EY, W Yorkshire, England Freshwater Lab, Fisheries Res Serv, Pitlochry PH16 5LB, Scotland Scottish Nat Heritage, Aberdeen AB1 1XE, ScotlandEnglish |7D9Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. Jones, S. Wilson, C. Groom, T.20064Seedborne infection of pyrethrum by Phoma ligulicola891-897 Plant Disease907}seedborne pathogen tanacetum cinerariaefolium pcr-based assay mycosphaerella ligulicola chrysanthemum disease survival fieldsJulZThe incidence of Phonta ligulicola in Tasmanian pyrethrum seed and methods of managing seedborne mycoflora were determined. Fourteen different fungi were regularly isolated from seed, including Alternaria tenuissima, Stemphylitan botryosum, and R ligulicola, which have been documented as pathogens of pyrethrum. Comparisons between the incidence of these fungi from seed surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and nontreated seed indicated they occurred both within and on the outside of the seed. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the detection of P. ligulicola was also developed, with a detection limit of 800 fg of fungal DNA. The assay detected infested seed lots down to an incidence of 0.5%. Reliable amplification of the target DNA was achieved with the addition of bovine serum albumin to reduce the influence of inhibitors from pyrethrum seed. Agar plate tests and PCR demonstrated variability with pyrethrum cultivars in the presence and viability of P. ligulicolo in seed. Effective management strategies for the reduction of seedborne P. ligulicola included the regular use of fungicides for reducing foliar disease intensity in the seed fields prior to harvest. Seed treatments with fludioxonil and thiabendazole/thiram also significantly reduced the incidence of seedborne P. ligulicola and increased seed germination and seedling survival.://000238428500009-055CV Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:35 0191-2917ISI:000238428500009Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Newtown, Tas 7008, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglishS|7EDJensen, H. R. Scott, I. M. Sims, S. R. Trudeau, V. L. Arnason, J. T.2006The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster329-339Insect Molecular Biology153pyrethrum piper nigrum drosophila melanogaster DNA microarray synergy heat-shock identification insecticides microarray mixtures profiles butoxide locus pestsJun)An ethyl acetate extract of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) peppercorns was tested as a synergist for the botanical insecticide pyrethrum. A high synergist ratio of 11.6 against Drosophila melanogaster was obtained for the combination of pyrethrum supplemented with P. nigrum. The effect of this combination was investigated using cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in D. melanogaster. Treatment of D. melanogaster with pyrethrum alone resulted in a large number of differentially expressed genes, principally associated with stress responses. Seven genes were identified as being commonly expressed in D. melanogaster treated with at least two of the following treatments: P. nigrum, pyrethrum or P. nigrum plus pyrethrum. These are likely implicated in Drosophila defence responses to toxins.://000237930000010-048EI Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:30 0962-1075ISI:000237930000010Arnason, JT Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ctr Adv Res Environm Genom, 30 Marie Curie St, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ctr Adv Res Environm Genom, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Whitmore Micro Gen, St Louis, MO USAEnglish#|7F2Rawnsley, R. P. Lane, P. A. Brown, P. H. Groom, T.2006XOccurrence and severity of the weeds Anthriscus caucalis and Torilis nodosa in pyrethrum711-716.Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture465seedPyrethrum [Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevis.) Sch. Bip.] is a short-lived, perennial horticultural crop grown for the production of pyrethrins. Weed management in pyrethrum is heavily reliant on chemical use and has unintentionally selected for a range of species. One of the major concerns to the pyrethrum industry is the presence of Apiaceae species, Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb and Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Increased occurrence and severity of infestation of these species in pyrethrum is a threat to the industry through reduced crop yields and increased costs for their control. To determine the severity of this threat, pyrethrum crops were surveyed for the presence and level of infestation of A. caucalis and T. nodosa over 2 years. More than 30% of all pyrethrum crops had either 1 or both species present, with A. caucalis the more prevalent of the 2 species. Although the level of infestation was generally low, 23 pyrethrum crops had a severe or very severe infestation of the species in 2001. The severity of infestation was generally low, although older crops were found to have a higher level of infestation than newly established crops. All pyrethrum crops, which had undergone 4 annual harvests, were found to have Apiaceae weeds present. This work has documented the severity of occurrence of these species and highlighted the need to develop strategic control procedures to reduce their immediate impact and potential threat.://000237461000015-041MT Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:13 0816-1089ISI:000237461000015 Rawnsley, RP Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Sch Agr Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglish |7GVVayias, B. J. Athanassiou, C. G. Kavallieratos, N. G. Tsesmelil, C. D. Buchelos, C. T.2006Persistence and efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations and a mixture of diatomaceous earth with natural pyrethrum against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) on wheat and maize456-464Pest Management Science625diatomaceous earth wheat maize tribolium confusum persistence sitophilus-oryzae coleoptera flour beetle coleoptera rhyzopertha-dominica f amorphous silica dust insecticidal efficacy united-states l. coleoptera stored-grain curculionidae temperatureMayvLaboratory tests were conducted to assess the insecticidal and residual effects of three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto (R), PyriSec (R) and SilicoSec (R), against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val on wheat and maize. Quantities of wheat and maize were treated with the above formulations at 500, 1000 and 1500 mg kg(-1) and stored at 25 degrees C and 55% relative humidity (RH). Samples were taken on the day of storage and every 30 days until completion of a 360 day period of storage. Adults of T. confusum were exposed to these samples at 25 degrees C and 55% RH and the mortality was measured after 24 and 48 h and 7 and 14 days of exposure. Adult mortality was higher on wheat than on maize. At the beginning of the storage period, mortalities after 14 day exposure on maize treated with the highest rate were 60, 63 and 81% for Insecto (R), PyriSec (R) and SilicoSec (R) respectively, while on wheat the mortality was 100% for all DEs. On the same commodities 360 days after treatment the respective mortality figures for wheat were 99, 98 and 100%, while in the case of maize they did not exceed 7%. Generally, mortality at exposures < 48 h decreased with increasing storage time. Furthermore, although mortality on wheat increased with dose, the increase in DE dose from 1000 to 1500 mg kg(-1) resulted in only a small increase in mortality. Thus a DE treatment of 1000 mg kg(-1) was shown to provide long-term protection of wheat against T. confusum, although higher DE application rates and exposure intervals are needed for a satisfactory level of protection of maize against this pest. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry.://000237362400013-040ES Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:50 1526-498XISI:000237362400013Kavallieratos, NG Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Lab Agr Entomol, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, Attica 14561, Greece Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Lab Agr Entomol, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Attica 14561, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, Attica 11855, GreeceEnglishW|7H<Alam, M. Sattar, A. Abdul-Khaliq Samad, A. Khanuja, S. P. S.2006A root rot and wilt disease of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cineraefolium) caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 in the north Indian plains301-301Plant Pathology552Apr://000235987600051,021MP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:2 0032-0862ISI:000235987600051Alam, M Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Microbiol & Plant Protect Div, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Microbiol & Plant Protect Div, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEnglish|7ILeng, G. Gries, W. Selim, S.2006Biomarker of pyrethrum exposure195-201Toxicology Letters1622-3biomonitoring pyrethrum chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid background exposure human dose-excretion study gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry chromatography mass-spectrometry human dose-excretion human urine metabolites insecticides (s)-bioallethrin cypermethrinApr 10[Pyrethrum as well as synthetic pyrethroids like allethrin, resmethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or permethrin are among the insecticides most often used worldwide. With a sensitive and valid gas-chromatographic-high resolution mass spectrometric method, it is possible to detect all pyrethrum and pyrethroid metabolites in one analytical run. Thus, for the first time a background level of trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid (CDCA) in urine (95th percentile: 0.15 mu g/l) as a characteristic, e.g. for a pyrethrum exposure was found. Following a pyrethrum exposure lasting 1 day, CDCA was found in 27 out of 30 subjects with concentrations going up to 54 mu g/l urine (mean: 1.1 +/- 4.4 mu g/l). To obtain information about the elimination kinetics of pyrethrum in humans, urinary excretion of CDCA was investigated in three volunteers after oral intake of 0.3 mg pyrethrin I. CDCA was detected during the first 36 h after intake with elimination being most rapid during the first 4 h (mean elimination half-life: 4.2 h). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://0002360156000129Sp. Iss. SI 021WC Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:24 0378-4274ISI:000236015600012Leng, G Bayer Ind Serv GmbH & Co OHG, Inst Biol Monitoring, Dept SUA GHA GSS, Bldg L 9, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany Bayer Ind Serv GmbH & Co OHG, Inst Biol Monitoring, Dept SUA GHA GSS, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany Golden Pacific Labs, Fresno, CA 93722 USAEnglishI|7J>Hardstone, M. C. Baker, S. A. Gao, J. W. Ewer, J. Scott, J. G.2006UDeletion of Cyp6d4 does not alter toxicity of insecticides to Drosophila melanogaster236-242%Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology843cytochrome p450 monooxygenases insecticide metabolism p element crp6d4 null mutants insecta mixed-function oxidase house-flies cytochrome-p450 p450 metabolism expression resistance ecdysoneMarCytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases are important in the activation and detoxilication of numerous insecticides. In this study, a Drosophila melanogaster Cyp6d4 null mutant was used to determine the role of this P450 in insecticide metabolism. This null mutant was generated by imprecise excision of a mobile P element located upstream to the P450 gene Cyp6d4. Comparative analysis between the non-functional mutant and relevant control strains shows that Cyp6d4 does not appear to be involved in the metabolism of chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin. diazinon, imidacloprid, malathion, oxamyl, parathion, or pyrethrum extract, even though these insecticides are known to be activated or detoxitied by P450-monooxygenases. No obvious abnormalities in development were seen in the Cyp6d4 null mutant, indicating that Cyp6d4 is not critical for the metabolism of vital endogenous substrates, (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000235625900008-016NC Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:31 0048-3575ISI:000235625900008zScott, JG Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USAEnglish |7K"Cuamba, N. Choi, K. S. Townson, H.2006Malaria vectors in Angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates-Malaria Journal5hincipient speciation west-africa identification s.s. differentiation populations coastal melas assay pcrJan 18Background: Malaria is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in Angola, being responsible for 50% of all outpatient attendance and around 22% of all hospital deaths, yet by 2003 only 2% of under-5s used insecticide-treated nets. Entomological studies are an essential foundation for rational malaria control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but there have been no published studies of malaria vectors in Angola over the 27 years of the civil war, to its end in 2002. This paper describes studies arising from a WHO-sponsored visit in support of the National Malaria Control Programme. Methods: During April 2001, mosquitoes were sampled by indoor pyrethrum spray collection from four sites in the semi-arid coastal provinces of Luanda and Benguela and two sites in Huambo province, in the humid tropical highlands. Collections took place towards the end of the rainy season and were used to determine the Anopheles species present, their sporozoite rates and the frequency of a kdr allele conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Results: A PCR test for the Anopheles gambiae complex showed a preponderance of An. gambiae, with indoor resting densities ranging from 0.9 to 23.5 per house. Of 403 An. gambiae identified to molecular form, 93.5% were M-form and 6.5% S-form. M and S were sympatric at 4 sites but no M/ S hybrids were detected. The highest proportion of S-form (20%) was in samples from Huambo, in the humid highlands. Anopheles funestus was found at one site near Luanda. The sporozoite rate of mosquitoes, determined by an ELISA test, was 1.9% for An. gambiae (n = 580) and 0.7% for An. funestus ( n = 140). Of 218 An. gambiae (195 M-form and 23 S-form) genotyped for the West African kdr-resistance allele, all were homozygous susceptible. Conclusion: An. gambiae M-form is the most important and widespread malaria vector in the areas studied but more extensive studies of malaria vectors are required to support the malaria control programme in Angola. These should include standard insecticide resistance biossays and molecular assays that can detect both metabolic resistance and target site insensitivity.://000235255400002-011GE Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:20 1475-2875ISI:000235255400002Townson, H Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England Minist Saude, Inst Nacl Saude, Maputo, MozambiqueEnglish|7L2Morris, S. E. Davies, N. W. Brown, P. H. Groom, T.20061Effect of drying conditions on pyrethrins content9-14Industrial Crops and Products231rdegradation pyrethrum tanacetum performance liquid-chromatography 4 insecticidal constituents house flies extractsJanWindrowed pyrethrum stems were air dried under a range of storage conditions to examine whether the current commercial practice of drying crop material is conducive to pyrethrins' degradation. Crop material was stored for up to 12 days in a commercial windrow, a shed receiving indirect light or a dark, 5 degrees C cool-room. Analysis of pyrethrins extracted from flowers of all treatments demonstrated that pyrethrins were not degrading in windrowed crops, plant material stored in the shed or in the 5 degrees C cool-room. The small differences obtained in pyrethrins content among the treatments can be explained by the natural variation in pyrethrins content of pyrethrum crops. The observation that the achenes were unchanged during this drying period supported the pyrethrins analysis. These results demonstrate that pyrethrins in planta do not degrade as rapidly as extracted pyrethrins. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000235267200002-011KO Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:18 0926-6690ISI:000235267200002ZMorris, SE Univ Queensland, Sch Integrat Biol, Level 5,John Hines Bldg, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Cent Sci Lab, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Univ Tasmania, Sch Agr Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglisht|7M Isman, M. B.2006lBotanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world45-66Annual Review of Entomology51pyrethrum neem essential oils antifeedants commercialization diamondback moth lepidoptera azadirachta-indica juss,a. plant secondary compounds crude seed extracts essential oils acute toxicity stored cowpea honey-bees neem residuesBotanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.://000234873300004.006CS Times Cited:97 Cited References Count:87 0066-4170ISI:000234873300004Isman, MB Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEnglish|7N(Yang, A. M. Liu, X. Lu, R. H. Shi, Y. P.2006(Triterpenoids from Pyrethrum tatsienense70-73 Pharmazie611gursene-type triterpenes isodon-japonicus hara tissue-cultures acid-esters c-13 nmr biosynthesis spectraJanTwo novel and eight known triterpenoids were isolated from alcoholic extract of the whole plant of Pyrethrum tatsienense. The structures of new compounds were elucidated as olean-12-en-3 beta,11 alpha,16 beta-triol-3-O-palmitate (1), ursa-12-en-3 beta,11 beta,16 beta-triol-3-O-palmitate (2) by spectroscopic methods including intensive 2D NMR techniques (H-1-H-1 COSY, gHMQC, gHMBC) and FAB-MS, and the known compounds were identified on the basis of comparing their NMR data with those of corresponding compounds in the literature.://000234698800016-003RH Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:15 0031-7144ISI:000234698800016(Shi, YP Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Chem Phys, Key Lab Nat Med Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Chem Phys, Key Lab Nat Med Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Appl Organ Chem, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R ChinaEnglish *|7OUBergant, M. Ambrozic-Dolinsek, J. Demsar, T. Dreo, T. Ravnikar, M. Zel, J. Camloh, M.2005CEffects of antibiotics on contaminated callus cultures of pyrethrum197-206Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae452pyrethrum microbial contaminants antibiotic pulse treatment plant-tissue cultures in-vitro penicillin-g bacteria growth chrysanthemum elimination tipszPyrethrum [Tanacetum cinerariifolium (TREVIR.) SCHULTZ-BIP., Asteraceae] is a source of pyrethrins, natural insecticides that are widely used in agriculture and for domestic purposes. In callus cultures of pyrethrum microbial contaminants were observed routinely, therefore it was necessary to use antibiotics to maintain aseptic cultures. The antibiotics, streptomycin, cephalexin and penicillin-G were used for antibiotic pulse treatment. Their effect on callus growth and microbial elimination was investigated. Callus cultures of two different lines were incubated for 1 or 2 days in liquid medium containing different combinations and concentrations of antibiotics and then cultured for 6 weeks on solid medium without antibiotics. One day of antibiotic treatment had no effect on callus growth. After two days of treatment, however, growth was significantly inhibited. Growth suppression was genotype-dependent and high concentrations of antibiotics were found to be deleterious on callus growth. PCR analysis with eubacterial 16S rDNA primers was done for detecting bacteria, as it enables low, invisible concentrations of bacteria in callus cultures to be traced. Six weeks after antibiotic treatment no bacteria were detected in line L4 incubated for 2 days in medium containing 360 mg/l streptomycin, 160 mg/l cephalexin and 8 mg/l penicillin G. Lower concentrations of antibiotics, however, exhibited no bacteriostatic effect. These results indicate that, although the higher concentrations of antibiotics used in pulse treatment greatly reduce callus growth, they can successfully eliminate bacterial contamination from pyrethrum callus cultures.://000234441500005-000DQ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:20 0079-2047ISI:000234441500005Bergant, M Natl Inst Biol, Dept Plant Physiol & Biotechnol, Vecna Pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Natl Inst Biol, Dept Plant Physiol & Biotechnol, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaEnglish 6|7P9Yang, Y. C. Lee, H. S. Lee, S. H. Clark, J. M. Ahn, Y. J.2005Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil compounds and related compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura : Pediculicidae) 1595-1600&International Journal for Parasitology3514natural pediculicide natural fumigant natural ovicide pediculus humanus capitis cinnamomum zeylanicum mode of action plant essential oils insecticidal activity head lice terpenoidsDecuThe toxicity of cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, bark essential oil compounds against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of their related compounds, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, as well as two widely used pediculicides, d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter-paper contact toxicity bioassay with female lice at 0.25 mg/cm(2), benzaldehyde was 29- and 27-fold more toxic than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively, as judged by median lethal time (LT50) values. Salicylaldehyde was nine and eight times more active than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively. Pediculicidal activity of linalool was comparable with that of d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. Cinnamomum bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. Benzyl alcohol and (E)cinnamaldehyde exhibited moderate pediculicidal activity. After 24 h of exposure, no hatching was observed with 0.063 mg/cm(2) , salicylaldehyde, 0.125 mg/cm(2) benzaldehyde, 0.5 mg/cm(2) Cinnamoinum bark essential oil, 1.0 mg/cm(2) (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and 1.0 mg/cm(2) benzyl cinnamate. Little or no ovicidal activity was observed with d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. In vapour phase toxicity tests with female lice, benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Neither d-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Cinnamomum bark essential oil and test compounds described merit further study as potential pediculicides or ovicides for the control of P. h. capitis. (c) 2005 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000234371000014-999EG Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:20 0020-7519ISI:000234371000014FAhn, YJ Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151921, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151921, South Korea Naturobiotech Co Ltd, Inst Res, Suwon 441744, South Korea Chonbuk Natl Univ, Fac Biotechnol, Coll Agr, Jeonju 561756, South Korea Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USAEnglish*|7Q%Kumar, A. Singh, S. P. Bhakuni, R. S.2005LSecondary metabolites of Chrysanthemum genus and their biological activities 1489-1501Current Science899biological activity chemical composition chrysanthemum pyrethroids secondary metabolites pyrethrum flowers sesquiterpene lactones essential oil coronarium constituents flavonoids morifolium indicum extract cinerariaefoliumNov 10{Chrysanthemum genus synthesizes and accumulates a variety of secondary metabolites. Some of the biologically active secondary metabolites and pyrethroids are responsible for the insecticidal activity of the well known plant species Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. The present review summarizes information available on the secondary metabolites isolated from Chrysanthemum genus.://000233351600016-985BR Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:50 0011-3891ISI:000233351600016Bhakuni, RS Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEnglish |7R5Okoye, P. N. Wilson, M. D. Boakye, D. A. Brown, C. A.2005Impact of the Okyereko irrigation project in Ghana on the risk of human malaria infection by Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae)249-253African Entomology132anopheles gambiae an. funestus malaria risk irrigation transmission ghana gambiae complex identification mosquitos cameroon africa valleySep_The impact of an irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in coastal savanna was studied. Adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were sampled using human landing and pyrethrum spray catches at Okyereko (irrigated village) and at Bewadze (non-irrigated, 9.5 km away) during the dry season of 2002/2003. Each mosquito was first identified morphologically as Anopheles gambine Giles, then to sibling species by PCR and Ail. gambiaes.s. forms were further identified by restriction analysis. The parity of Anopheles mosquitoes were determined and ELISA-based methods used to determine Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infections and host blood meal source. More Anopheles mosquitoes were obtained at Okyereko. Members of the An. gambiae complex were dominant at Okyereko and An. funestas at Bewadze. Within the An. gambiae complex, only An. gambiae s.s. was identified, and the M form constituted 91.7 % at Okyereko and 66.7 % at Bewadze. The biting rate was higher at Okyereko, but parous rates were similar in both villages. The infection rates were 2.5-fold higher in Air. funestus than An. gambiae at both sites, but were 17.5-fold lower at Okyereko. At Okyereko, the four infective An. gambiae s.s. were found to be the M form while at Bewadze three of the four infective An, gambiae s.s. were found to be the S form and one was the M form. The entomological inoculation rate was also significantly lower at Okyereko. The human blood index was 84.1 % at Okyereko and 77.1 % and Bewadze. Malaria risk was therefore lower at the irrigated village and the likely reason is the low numbers of An. funestus and An. gambiae s.s. S form.://000232932500006-979HH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:21 1021-3589ISI:000232932500006Wilson, MD Univ Ghana, Noguchi Mem Inst Med Res, Dept Parasitol, POB LG 581, Legon, Ghana Univ Ghana, Noguchi Mem Inst Med Res, Dept Parasitol, Legon, GhanaEnglish |7SUBerger-Preiss, E. Boehncke, A. Konnecker, G. Mangelsdorf, I. Holthenrich, D. Koch, W.2005FInhalational and dermal exposures during spray application of biocides357-3729International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health2085spray application biocidal products inhalation exposure dermal exposure model experiments measurements at workplaces occupational-exposure pesticide exposure insecticides greenhouses permethrin volume air Data on inhalational and potential dermal exposures during spray application of liquid biocidal products were generated. On the one hand, model experiments with different spraying devices using fluorescent tracers were carried out to investigate the influence of parameters relevant to the exposure (e.g. spraying equipment, nozzle size, direction of application). On the other hand, measurements were performed at selected workplaces (during disinfection operations in food and feed areas; pest control operations for private, public and veterinary hygiene; wood protection and antifouling applications) after application of biocidal products such as Empire 20, Responsar SC, Omexan-forte, Actellic, Perma-forte; Fendona SC, Pyrethrum mist; CBM 8, Aldekol Des 03, TAD CID, Basileum, Basilit. The measurements taken in the model rooms demonstrated dependence of the inhalation exposure on the type of spraying device used, in the following order: "spraying with low pressure" < "airless spraying" < "fogging" indicating that the particle diameter of the released spray droplets is the most important parameter. In addition inhalation exposure was lowest when the spraying direction was downward. Also for the potential dermal exposure, the spraying direction was of particular importance: overhead spraying caused the highest contamination of body surfaces. The data of inhalational and potential dermal exposures gained through workplace measurements showed considerable variation. During spraying procedures with low-pressure equipments, dose rates of active substances inhaled by the operators ranged from 7 to 230 mu g active substance (a.s.)/h. An increase in inhaled dose rates (6-33 mg a.s./h) was observed after use of high application volumes/time unit during wood protection applications indoors. Spraying in the veterinary sector using medium-pressure sprayers led to inhaled dose rates between 2 and 24 mg a.s./h. The highest inhaled dose rates were measured during fogging (114 mg a.s./h) and after-high-pressure applications in the antifouling sector (110-300 mg a.s./h). The potential dermal exposure of spray operators was lowest (dose rates from 0.2 to 7 mg a.s./h) in the areas of food and feed disinfection and private and public hygiene during spraying with low-pressure devices. During fogging, wood protection and antifouling applications, high-potential dermal exposures of the operators were determined. Dermal dose rates varied between 100 and 34,000 mg a.s./h. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.://000232276600004-970AC Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:27 1438-4639ISI:000232276600004Berger-Preiss, E Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med, Nikolai Fuchs Str 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med, D-30625 Hannover, Germany FIOSH, D-44149 Dortmund, GermanyEnglish|7T5Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Wilson, C. R. Groom, T.2005Development of a fungicide-based management strategy for foliar disease caused by Phoma ligulicola in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields 1114-1120 Plant Disease8910Pdisease management tanacetum cinerariaefolium gummy stem blight yield watermelonOctThe efficacy of a range of fungicides were assessed under in vitro conditions in four field trials over three seasons for the management of ray blight of pyrethrum, caused by the fungus Phoma ligulicola in Tasmania. Fungicides belonging to the demethylation inhibitor group, including prochloraz, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, and cyproconazole, produced the most significant reduction in mycelial growth in vitro compared with unamended controls. Significant reductions in germination of conidia resulted from low concentrations of azoxystrobin. In the field, azoxystrobin (as Amistar) at a rate of 300 g of product/ha significantly decreased disease intensity and increased pyrethrin yield (kg/ha) in all seasons. Applications of either azoxystrobin or difenoconazole (as Score) at a rate of 250 ml of product/ha in early spring were the most effective, whereas no significant benefit was demonstrated from applications in autumn. Over all seasons, azoxystrobin applications resulted in double the weight of flowers produced compared with nontreated areas, whereas increases in pyrethrin content within the flowers were season and location specific. Application of azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil (as Bravo 720) at a rate of 1.4 liters of product/ha resulted in a 45 to 48% increase in flowers, reduced defoliation, and increased stem diameter. The weight of individual flowers and flower maturity was not significantly affected by fungicide application. These data provide the basis for cost-effective management of this disease.://000231959500015.965OH Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:22 0191-2917ISI:000231959500015Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Dept Primary Ind, New Town Res Labs, TIAR, Newtown, Tas 7008, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglishi|7U/Waka, M. Hopkins, R. J. Akinpelu, O. Curtis, C.2005Transmission of malaria in the Tesseney area of Eritrea: parasite prevalence in children, and vector density, host preferences, and sporozoite rate27-32Journal of Vector Ecology301anopheles arabiensis malaria prevalence sporozolte rate blood meals indoor resting catches anopheles-gambiae complex inoculation rates light-traps blood meals mosquitos arabiensis culicidae africa tanzania dipteraJun"Malaria transmission was studied from July to September, 2002 in three villages of the Tesseney sub-zone, in the western lowlands of Eritrea. The three methods used for mosquito collection were light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit shelter collections. All anopheline mosquitoes that were collected belonged to the Anopheles gambiae complex and they were identified by PCR as the sibling species Anopheles arabiensis (Patton). Apart from An. arabiensis, the only other mosquitoes caught were culicines. The vector population increased greatly for about a month after the start of the rains. The anthropophilic indices obtained from the blood-fed An. arabiensis resting indoors and outdoors were only 20% and 25%, respectively, with most of the other meals on goats. ELISA for P. falciparum circurnsporozoite protein revealed only one positive out of 1 026 tested. The malaria prevalence among children < 10 years was only 3.3% (all P. falciparum) from 300 slides examined. These low rates seem to reflect recent success in malaria control in Eritrea.://000230216500004-941LO Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:36 1081-1710ISI:000230216500004Waka, M Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Entomol, POB 7044, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Entomol, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England Univ Asmara, Dept Biol, Asmera, EritreaEnglish }|7V?Barry, J. D. Sciarappa, W. J. Teixeira, L. A. F. Polavarapu, S.2005vComparative effectiveness of different insecticides for organic management of blueberry maggot (Diptera : Tephritidae) 1236-1241Journal of Economic Entomology984rhagoletis mendax vaccinium azadirachtin pyrethrum spinosad rhagoletis-mendax diptera fruit-fly diptera melon flies diptera pherocon am traps spinosad bait populations spheres plants wildAugLaboratory and field assays using insecticides for organic pest management were conducted on the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran. Topical exposure of flies to spinosad (Entrust), pyrethrum (PyGanic 1.4 EC), azadirachtin (Aza-Direct), and phosmet (Imidan 70-W) resulted in significantly higher mortality compared with the water control after 2 and 24 h. After 24 h, there were no significant differences in fly mortality among treatments of Entrust, PyGanic, or Imidan, whereas fly mortality to Aza-Direct was significantly lower. Another laboratory assay evaluated mortality of flies after residual exposure to these insecticides on leaves, after 24 and 48 h. In this assay, there were no significant differences in fly mortality after 48 h among treatments of PyGanic, Aza-Direct, and the water control, whereas significantly higher fly mortality resulted from exposure to Entrust and Imidan. A repellency assay found no measurable effects of Aza-Direct. Large-scale field trials found no treatment effect for number of adults of the blueberry maggot captured in sticky traps; however, there were significantly lower levels of fruit-infesting larvae in treated plots compared with the untreated control. Spinosad bait (GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait), Entrust, and PyGanic were not different from imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). However, there was a significantly higher infestation in the plot treated with azadirachtin (Agroneem) compared with Provado. Overall, the insecticides evaluated in these trials showed good ability to control blueberry maggot, suggesting that they can be incorporated in a blueberry maggot management program under organic standards.://000231056100022-953DI Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:25 0022-0493ISI:000231056100022Barry, JD Stine Haskell, DuPont Crop Protect, 1090 Elkton Rd, Newark, DE 19711 USA Rutgers State Univ, Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USAEnglish |7W'Athanassiou, C. G. Kavallieratos, N. G.2005PInsecticidal effect and adherence of PyriSec((R)) in different grain commodities703-710Crop Protection248diatomaceous earth natural pyrethrum piperonyl butoxide rhyzopertha dominica wheat barley oats rye triticale rice maize rhyzopertha-dominica f tribolium-castaneum coleoptera confused flour beetle diatomaceous-earth united-states stored-grain efficacy tenebrionidae wheat curculionidaeAugUExposure studies were carried out in the laboratory to assess the insecticidal effect of the formulation PyriSec((R)), which contains diatomaceous earth with natural pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide, against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). PyriSec((R)) was applied to eight grain commodities: wheat, whole barley, peeled barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and maize, at three doses 0.75, 1 and 1.5 g/kg of grain. Dead R. dominica adults were counted after exposure to treated grain for 24h, 48 h, 7 d and 14 d at 26 degrees C and 55% r.h. After the termination of the 14-d-interval count, the treated quantities remained in the same conditions for an additional 60-d incubation period, and the progeny production was recorded. Mortality of R. dominica adults notably varied according to the commodity, but, in most cases more than 50% of the exposed adults were dead after only 24h of exposure. After 14d of exposure, adult mortality was >= 95 % in all grains treated with the highest PyriSec((R)) dose, with the exception of peeled barley, where the respective figure was 84.2%. No progeny was found in the grains treated with the highest PyriSec((R)) rate, but the number of F, individuals was low even in the case of the lowest PyriSec((R)) rate. Significant differences in the degree of PyriSec((R)) retention in kernels were noted among the eight grains tested. The highest retention level was noted for rice (91.4%) and the lowest for maize (10.1%). However, the degree of retention to a given grain was not indicative of the effectiveness of PyriSec((R)) against R. dominica. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000230223300002.941OE Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:35 0261-2194ISI:000230223300002 Athanassiou, CG Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Attica, Greece Agr Univ Athens, Lab Agr Zool & Entomol, Athens 11855, Attica, Greece Benaki Phytopathol Inst, Lab Agr Entomol, Dept Entomol & Agr Zool, Kifisia 14561, Attica, GreeceEnglishB|7X9Wong, K. K. Y. Signal, F. A. Campion, S. H. Motion, R. L.20053Citronella as an insect repellent in food packaging 4633-4636*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry5311essential oils insect repellent citronella packaging stored-products pests infestation encapsulation penetration cyclodextrin replacement prevent filmJun 1Of five commercial plant extracts (citronella, garlic oil, neem extract, pine oil, and pyrethrum), citronella was found to be effective in deterring the infestation of cartons containing muesli and wheat germ by red flour beetles. The chemical components were applied as part of a coating on the carton board. In an experimental set up that accelerates infestation over a 2 week period, citronella-treated cartons (0.2 g/m(2) of carton board) reduced beetle infestation to approximately 50% of the level observed in control cartons. Evidence was provided to indicate that an insect repellent effect persists for at least 16 weeks. Additional work on the controlled release of the insect repellent would be required to prolong the effect.://000229405000050-930GX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:24 0021-8561ISI:000229405000050wWong, KKY Ensis Papro, Forest Res, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Ensis Papro, Forest Res, Rotorua, New ZealandEnglish P|7Y=Pethybridge, S. J. Esker, P. Hay, F. Wilson, C. Nutter, F. W.2005`Spatiotemporal description of epidemics caused by Phoma ligulicola in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields648-658Phytopathology956plant-disease epidemics beta-binomial distribution spatial-pattern analysis mycosphaerella-ligulicola temporal-analysis sadie statistics count data chrysanthemum australia blightJunvSpatial and temporal patterns of foliar disease caused by Phoma ligulicola were quantified in naturally occurring epidemics in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields. Disease assessments (defoliation incidence, defoliation severity, incidence of stems with ray blight, and incidence of flowers with ray blight) were performed four times each year in 2002 and 2003. Spatial analyses based on distribution fitting, runs analysis, and spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) demonstrated aggregation in fields approaching their first harvest for all assessment times between September and December. In second-year harvest fields, however, the incidence of stems with ray blight was random for the first and last samplings, but aggregated between these times. Spatiotemporal analyses were conducted between the same disease intensity measures at subsequent assessment times with the association function of SADIE. In first-year harvest fields, the presence of steep spatial gradients was suggested, most likely from dispersal of conidia from foci within the field. The importance of exogenous inoculum sources, such as wind-dispersed ascospores, was suggested by the absence of significant association between defoliation intensity (incidence and severity) and incidence of stems with ray blight in second-year harvest fields. The logistic model provided the best temporal fit to the increase in defoliation severity in each of six first-year harvest fields in 2003. The logistic model also provided the best fit for the incidence of stems with ray blight and the incidence of flowers with ray blight in four of six and three of six fields, respectively, whereas the Gompertz model provided the best fit in the remaining fields. Fungicides applied prior to mid-October (early spring) significantly reduced the area under disease progress curve (P < 0.001) for defoliation severity, the incidence of stems with ray blight, and the incidence of flowers with ray blight for epidemics at all field locations. This study provides information concerning the epidemiology of foliar disease and ray blight epidemics in pyrethrum and offers insight on how to best manage these diseases.://000229409200007.930IM Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:50 0031-949XISI:000229409200007Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Dept Primary Ind, New Town Res Labs, TIAR, Newtown, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglish l|7Z Pandey, R.2005JManagement of Meloidogyne incognita in Artemisia pallens with bio-organics304-308Phytoparasitica333artemisia pallens bio-organics distillation waste glomus aggregatum g. fasciculatum meloidogyne incognita trichoderma harzianum vermicompost root-knot nematode trichoderma-harzianum nematocidal activity essential oilsJunThe sedentary endoparasitic root-knot nematode [RKN], Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, is worldwide an economically important agri-pest, reducing the yield and quality of crops. The traditional method of RKN control is based mainly on chemical nematicides, which will not be frequently available from 2005 onwards; their use is highly objectionable due to their major contribution to ground water contamination, and dangers to the environment and to human and animal health. Consequently, new and environmentally safe tools for RKN management are urgently needed. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate different bio-organic wastes on RKN infestation and the growth / oil yield of Artemisia pallens Wall. The tested wastes were: 1. Distillation waste of Mentha arvensis (menthol mint); 2. Murraya koengii (meethi neem / curry leaf); 3. Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass); 4. C. martinii (palmarosa); 5. C. winterianus (eitronella); 6. Pelargonium graveolens (geranium); 7. Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli); 8. Tagetes minuta (marigold); 9. Vermicompost of M. arvensis, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (pyrethrum), Tagetes minuta and C. winterianus; 10. Trichoderma harzianum isolate U; 11. VA fungi Glomus aggregatum; G. fasciculatum. The results obtained with these different bio-organics were compared with three controls: untreated - uninoculated, untreated - inoculated and the chemical pesticide carbofuran. Results revealed a considerable enhancement of herbage biomass, flower bud and oil yields when plants were treated with the distillation waste of C. martinii, C. winterianus, M. koengii, M. arvensis, vermicompost of C. cinerariaefolium, T minuta, M. arvensis and bio-agent T harzianum. Least nematode infections were recorded with the distillation waste of M. koengii, C. martinii, C. flexuosus, and vermicompost of T minuta, C. cinerariaefolium and M. arvensis. The results revealed that these environmentally sound bio-organics could be used for replacement of chemical nematicides.://000229404600012-930GT Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:21 0334-2123ISI:000229404600012Pandey, R Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEnglish|7[@Obukosia, S. D. Kimani, E. Waithaka, K. Mutitu, E. Kimani, P. M.2005@Effects of growth regulators and genotypes on pyrethrum in vitro162-166/In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant412^auxins calluses chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium cytokinin organogenesis tobacco tissue culturesMar-AprThe effects of growth regulators on culture response of different pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.) genotypes were investigated. In the genotype Sb/66/107, the presence of 2,4-dichorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 2 mg l(-1) promoted growth of callus, whereas benzyladenine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid had no effect. Callus growth was also affected by the 2,4-D concentration and genotypes. The optimal callus growth for the nine pyrethrum genotypes varied widely in response to 2,4-D, ranging from 0.5 mg l(-1) for genotype Marwanga to 3.0 mg l(-1) for Ks/75/336. Among the genotypes, shoots were regenerated from calluses of Sb/66/107, 4331, Marwanga, and MA/70/1013.://000229340000011-929IO Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:31 1054-5476ISI:000229340000011Obukosia, SD Univ Nairobi, Dept Crop Sci, POB 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Dept Crop Sci, Nairobi, Kenya Natl Pyrethrum Res Ctr, Molo, KenyaEnglish|7\9Lee, S. H. Yoon, K. S. Gao, J. R. Ahn, Y. J. Clark, J. M.20056Control and resistance management of human pediculosis383-393 New Discoveries in Agrochemicals892^head lice capitis anoplura united-states permethrin insecticides susceptibility efficacy louse%Head louse resistance to commonly used pediculicides is wide spread worldwide. Resistance to permethrin and pyrethrum is 40- to 70-fold based on tolerance to knockdown response in US populations of head louse. Resistance to malathion is likewise widespread but at lower levels (2.0- to 3.3-fold). Currently, there appears to be little or no resistance to abamectin or lindane. Permethrin-resistant head lice are significantly more tolerant to knockdown and are cross-resistant to DDT, indicating a kdr-type of resistance mechanism. Sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA fragments of voltage-sensitive sodium channel a-subunit gene from permethrin-resistant head louse populations has identified three mutations (M8151, T9171, and L920F). All these mutations appear to exist en bloc as a haplotype and have functional significances in resistance. We have developed DNA-diagnostic protocols, including serial invasive signal amplification reaction (SISAR), for the detection of the conserved point mutations resulting in knockdown resistance to the pyrethrins, the pyrethroids, and DDT. A sound resistance management strategy based on efficient DNA-based genotyping techniques will greatly expand the lifespan of the valuable and effective :pediculicides, such as permethrin, and ensure safe control of pediculosis.://000228806500034BBce03 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:23 Acs Symposium Series 0097-6156ISI:000228806500034Lee, SH Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USAEnglish|7]rKeating, J. Mbogo, C. M. Mwangangi, J. Nzovu, J. G. Gu, W. D. Regens, J. L. Yan, G. Y. Githure, J. I. Beier, J. C.2005jAnopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the Kenyan coast241-246Journal of Medical Entomology423zanopheles mosquito distribution kenya malaria plasmodium-falciparum transmission severe malaria populations disease africaMayThis study investigated whether Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus Giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of Kenya. Sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from July 1997 through May 1998. 111 total, 5,476 An. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 An. funestus were collected. The number of An. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in November/December and lowest in May. The number of An. funestus collected was highest during September/October and lowest during May. As the density of mosquitoes decreased, there was a tendency toward randomness in the distribution. The proportion of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus mosquitoes collected per house for each sampling period also showed patterns of clustering, with 80% of An. gambiae s.l. collected from <30% of the houses and 80% of An. funestus collected front <20% of the total houses. The total number of mosquitoes collected from any one house ranged from 0 to 121 for An. gambiae s.l. and from 0 to 152 for An. funestus. This coupled with the results of the variance to mean ratio plots suggests extensive clustering in the distribution of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus mosquito populations throughout the year along the coast of Kenya.://000229067400005-925QJ Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:17 0022-2585ISI:000229067400005Keating, J Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, S Campus,12500 SW 152nd St,Bldg B, Miami, FL 33177 USA Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Geog Med Res Coast, Kilifi, KenyaEnglish[|7^EAngioni, A. Dedola, F. Minelli, E. V. Barra, A. Cabras, P. Caboni, P.2005LResidues and half-life times of Pyrethrins on peaches after field treatments 4059-4063*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry5310pyrethrins peaches photodegradation hplc-ms performance liquid-chromatography 4 insecticidal constituents piperonyl butoxide gas-chromatography house flies extract acidMay 18sThe behavior of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on peaches has been studied after field treatment. Three experiments were carried out at 1, 5, and 10 x the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. In all experiments, the initial deposition was below the maximum residue level (MRL), and the half-life time calculated in the 10x experiment for total pyrethrins within 2.3 days was in agreement with the preharvest interval (PHI) recommended. In a model system, the photodegradation rates of the pyrethrins in three commercial products were compared with pyrethrum pale (PP), with and without the presence of peach waxes. The pyrethrins in formulations containing PB showed higher half-life times but were not influenced by the presence of waxes, whereas in the case of PP that does not contain any PB, photodegradation was significantly affected by the presence of waxes.://000229049000047-925JI Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:26 0021-8561ISI:000229049000047Angioni, A Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Tossicol, Via Osped 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Tossicol, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy Ctr Reg Agr Sperimentale, I-09100 Cagliari, ItalyEnglish|7_!Tisch, M. Faulde, M. K. Maier, H.2005Genotoxic effects of pentachlorophenol, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae141-151American Journal of Rhinology192gel-electrophoresis assay induced DNA-damage comet assay salmonella-typhimurium synthetic pyrethroids hamster-cells permethrin insecticides mutagenicity metabolitesMar-Apr Background: Animal experiments and epidemiological studies suggest that pentachlorophenol (PCP) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane I should be classified as possible human carcinogens. In the past, both have had a variety of applications ill the civilian and military sectors and in forestry. They have, e.g., been used to impregnate and treat uniforms and other fabrics and to control human lice. Animal experiments indicate that PCP in perticular causes mutations and chromosome aberrations and thus DNA damage. Studies on whether or not this also applies to newer substances and especially to natural type I and type II pyrethroids still are not available. What is particularly; lacking are data oil the genotoxic effects of these substances on human target cells. Our study describes the genotoxic effects of PCP. lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae. Methods: Epithelial cells were isolated from nasal mucosa, which was removed in the surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis and nasal concha hyperplasia. After the cells had been tested for vitality using the trypan blue exclusion test, the short-term culture method was used. The material was incubated with PCP (0.3. 0.75, and 1.2 mmol), lindane (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), transfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), cyfluthrin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mmol), natural pyrethrum (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mmol), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 60 minutes. Substance-induced DNA damage (single-strand and double-strand breaks) were determined using single-cell microgel electrophoresis. A fluorescence microscope was used together with all image processing system to analyze the results obtained. Results: After exposure to all tested substances, a high percentage of the cells of the middle nasal concha in particular were found to have severely fragmented DNA as a result of strong genotoxic effects. Although the reaction of the cells of the inferior nasal concha was signficantly less strong (p < 0.001), the tested substances were nevertheless found to have a notable genotoxic effect on these cells too. Conclusion: Our study strongly suggests that exposure to PCP, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum has a genotoxic effect oil the epithelial cells of human nasal mucosa. In addition, we have shown that nasal structures differ in susceptibility to the various pesticides used it? the tests. Thus, the study provides new evidence supporting the biological plausibility of PCP- and lindane-induced effects, thereby helping evaluate potential PCP- and lindane-induced mucous membrane carcinomas of these parts of the nose. In addition, our stud), shows that other substances that today are widely used for controlling pests have a considerable genotoxic effect oil human target cells. The results obtained indicate the need for additional studies on the genotoxicity of these substances and their adverse effects oil human health.://000229051300006-925KF Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:46 1050-6586ISI:000229051300006Tisch, M Bundeswehr Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Oberer Eselsberg 40, D-89081 Ulm, Germany Bundeswehr Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, D-89081 Ulm, Germany Cent Inst Bundeswehr Med Serv, Dept Med Zool, Koblenz, GermanyEnglish |7`Andrew, N. R. Hughes, L.2005mArthropod community structure along a latitudinal gradient: Implications for future impacts of climate change281-297Austral Ecology303,acacia arthropod australia body size carnivore community structure guild herbivore temperature trophic level herbivorous insect guilds woody sprout interactions tropical eucalypt forest predator-prey ratios rain-forest neophilaenus-lineatus taxonomic isolation species-diversity elevated co2 top-downMaySThe structure of free-living arthropod communities on the foliage of Acacia falcata was assessed along an extensive latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia. We hypothesized that abundance and biomass of arthropods within feeding groups would increase from temperate latitudes towards the tropics. We also hypothesized that the ratio of carnivores to herbivores would be consistent along the latitudinal gradient. Three sites at each of four latitudes, spanning 9 degrees and 1150 km (Batemans Bay, Sydney, Grafton, Gympie in Australia), were sampled every season for 2 years, using pyrethrum knockdown. Abundance and biomass (based on dry weight) of arthropods within eight feeding groups were measured. The relative size of the feeding groups, and the ratio of carnivores to herbivores were then compared among latitudes and seasons. We found no consistent north to south (tropical to temperate) change in feeding group structure in terms of abundance. A weak latitudinal trend was evident for predator biomass, consisting of a reduction from north to south, but no significant trends in biomass for other feeding groups were found. Relative abundance and relative biomass of both carnivores and herbivores, as well as the ratio of carnivores to herbivores were consistent among latitudes. Finally, we compared a subset of these data to arthropod communities found on congeneric host species at individual sites along the latitudinal gradient. Overall, 68% of comparisons showed no significant differences in abundance or biomass within different feeding groups between host plants and among latitudes. We conclude that arthropod communities show consistencies among latitudes and between congeneric host species, in terms of feeding group and trophic structure. These results have implications for predicting the impacts of future climate change on arthropod communities.://000228752300005.921GN Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:101 1442-9985ISI:000228752300005Andrew, NR Univ New England, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Systemat, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Key Ctr Biodivers & Bioresources, Sydney, NSW 2109, AustraliaEnglishr|7a/Braga, N. P. Cremasco, M. A. Valle, R. C. C. R.2005The effects of fixed-bed drying on the yield and composition of essential oil from long pepper (Piper hispidinervium C. DC) leaves257-262)Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering222#long pepper drying kinetics safroleApr-JunPiper hispidinervium C.DC (Piperaceae) is popularly known as long pepper. It grows in degraded areas of natural fields in the state of Acre, Brazil. Its leaves are 3 to 4% essential oil rich in safrole, within the range of 90 to 94%. In the chemical industry, safrole is an important raw material, mainly due to two of its derivatives: heliotropin, which is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a vital ingredient of pyrethroid insecticides. Natural pyrethrum in particular would not be an economical insecticide without the synergistic effect of PBO; therefore, its industrial future is linked to the continued availability of PBO. As a fragrance, safrole has many applications in household products such as floor waxes, polishes, soaps, detergents and cleaning agents. In this work, leaves were dried in a fixed-bed dryer using different drying-air temperatures (35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 degrees C) and drying times (900, 2700 and 3600 seconds). Essential oil was extracted by cohobation (meaning that the condensed water that comes out of the flask is recycled) from both raw and dried leaves. The essential oil yield and safrole content are susceptible to rapid loss of moisture by Piper hispidinervium C. DC leaves. It was observed that the essential oil yield increased twice after the drying process. However, safrole content decreased about 20 percent when temperature was above 50 degrees C and drying times were more than 2700 minutes.://000228388900013,916MD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:6 0104-6632ISI:000228388900013Cremasco, MA Sch Chem Engn, Lab Thermo Fluid Dynam, POB 6066, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Sch Chem Engn, Lab Thermo Fluid Dynam, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Reg Univ Blumenau, Dept Chem Engn, BR-89010971 Blumenau, SC, BrazilEnglish |7beAntonio-Nkondjio, C. Simard, F. Awono-Ambene, P. Ngassam, P. Toto, J. C. Tchuinkam, T. Fontenille, D.2005RMalaria vectors and urbanization in the equatorial forest region of south Cameroon347-354BTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene995malaria plasmodium spp. anopheles spp. transmission urbanization cameroon entomological inoculation rates central-africa anopheles-nili urban malaria transmission identification brazzaville area intensity culicidaeMaygEntomological surveys were carried out in the town of Mbalmayo and in the nearby rural village of Olama, within the equatorial forest zone of Cameroon. Mosquitoes were captured when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. Malaria vectors captured were Anopheles gambiae Giles (M and S forms) and A. moucheti Evans in both areas, together with A. funestus Giles in Mbalmayo. One A. marshallii (Theobald) specimen infected by Plasmodium falciparum was found in Olama. Anopheles moucheti was the most abundant anopheline species caught in Olama, while A. gambiae was the most abundant in Mbalmayo. All these vectors were highly anthropophilic as indicated by the fact that only 5 of 201 blood meats analysed had been taken from non-human hosts. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite species found in Mbalmayo, white P malariae was also found in Olama. The annual entomological inoculation rate was estimated at 129 infective bites/person/year in Mbalmayo and 322 in Olama. Comparison with data published in 1955 from Mbalmayo, before expansion of the town, showed the impact of urbanization on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. Such changes should be considered when implementing sustainable control measures. (c) 2004 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000228193600005-913ZG Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:39 0035-9203ISI:000228193600005Antonio-Nkondjio, C Org Coordinat Lutte Endemies Afrique Cent OCEAC, Lab IRD Rech Paludisme, POB 288, Yaounde, Cameroon Org Coordinat Lutte Endemies Afrique Cent OCEAC, Lab IRD Rech Paludisme, Yaounde, Cameroon Ctr Rech Med, Inst Rech Med & Etud Plantes Med IMPM, Yaounde, Cameroon Univ Yaounde, Fac Sci, Lab Biol Gen, Yaounde, Cameroon Univ Dschang, Fac Sci, Dschang, Cameroon IRD, Lab Lutte Insectes Nuisibles, UR 016, F-34394 Montpellier, FranceEnglish |7cKoudou, B. G. Tano, Y. Doumbia, M. Nsanzabana, C. Cisse, G. Girardin, O. Dao, D. N'Goran, E. K. Vounatsou, P. Bordmann, G. Keiser, J. Tanner, M. Utzinger, J.2005@Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria27-37!Medical and Veterinary Entomology1919anopheles gambiae s.l. an funestus biting rate entomological inoculation rate irrigated rice growing malaria parity ratio sporozoite rate vegetable farming cote d'ivoire irrigated rice cultivation cote-divoire anopheles-gambiae agricultural practices breeding sites burkina faso transmission area valley mosquitosMarmThe dynamics of malaria transmission was studied comparatively in the villages of Zatta and Tiemelekro, central Cote d'Ivoire, from February 2002 to August 2003. Prominent agroecosystems in these villages are irrigated rice growing and vegetable farming, respectively. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected on human bait at night and by pyrethrum knock-down spray sheet collections at four randomly selected sentinel sites in each village. In 2002, for a total of 96 man-nights per village, 7716 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and 3308 in Tiemelekro. In 2003, with half the sampling effort, 859 and 2056 mosquitoes were collected in Zatta and Tiemelekro, respectively. Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. was the predominant mosquito and the key malaria vector throughout, followed by An. funestus Giles. Anthropophily among adult female Anopheles exceeded 95% in both villages. Comparison between years revealed that the biting rate of An. gambiae s.l. in Zatta decreased several-fold from 49.3 bites per person per night (b/p/n) in 2002 to 7.9 b/p/n in 2003 (likelihood ratio test (LRT) = 1072.66; P < 0.001). Although the biting rate remained fairly constant in Tiemelekro, the difference between years was significant (16.1 vs. 18.2 b/p/n; LRT = 148.06; P < 0.001). These observations were paralleled by a marked decrease in the infective rate of An. gambiae s.l. in Zatta (4.6-1.2%), and an increase in Tiemelekro (3.1-7.6%). Meanwhile, the entomological inoculation rate of An. gambiae s.l. decreased 21-fold in Zatta, from 789 to 38 infective bites per person per year (ib/p/y), whereas it remained high in Tiemelekro (233 vs. 342 ib/p/y). The interruption of irrigated rice growing in Zatta in 2003, consequential to a farmers' conflict over land, might be the underlying cause for the significant reduction in malaria transmission, whereas more stable conditions occurred in Tiemelekro.://000227390100004-902XN Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:46 0269-283XISI:000227390100004FUtzinger, J Swiss Trop Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Swiss Trop Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Ctr Suisse Rech Sci, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire Univ Abidjan Cocody, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire Univ Abobo Adjame, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire Univ Neuchatel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, SwitzerlandEnglish |7d&Yapabandara, A. M. G. M. Curtis, C. F.2004BVectors and malaria transmission in a gem mining area in Sri Lanka264-276Journal of Vector Ecology292malaria gem pits sri lanka anopheles culicifacies an. subpictus an. varuna predevelopment mosquito survey development project area anopheles-culicifacies irrigation development population-dynamics mahaweli project dry zone village season dispersalDecAnopheline vectors of malaria were studied in the Kaluganga gem mining area in the dry zone of central Sri Lanka. Adult mosquitoes were collected using cattle-baited huts and nets, pyrethrum spray sheets, window exit traps and light traps and partial and full-night human landing collections over a period of 17 mo. The collections produced a total of 13,591 anophelines belonging to 14 species. Using ELISA for circurnsporozoite proteins of Plasniodium vivax and P.falciparlun, Anopheles culicfacies, An. subpictus and An. varuna were incriminated as malaria vectors. For these species, estimated entomological inoculation rates were 5.9, 5.7, and 6.7 infective bites per person per year, respectively. An. culicifacies and An. sithpictus show endophagic behavior, while An. varuna were exophagic. Mosquito larval surveys indicated that the gem pits, when filled with water, contributed 60% of the larvae of the three vector species. Parasitological data were collected by two mobile malaria clinics and by hospitals. The incidence rates of fever per 1,000 person-years with P. vivax and P. falciparum were 122.8 and 26.1 respectively, with a significantly higher rate in males over 15 years of age than in females of that mining may have caused the emergence of An. subpictus and An. age. Changes in the environment due to gem mining varuna as significant malaria vectors. The conventional view of An. culicifacies being the main vector of malaria in Sri Lanka needs to be reconsidered when planning the vector control programs in this study area. Due to migration of malaria patients, there is a likelihood the disease Could be spread to other parts of the island. Therefore, action should be taken to eliminate these pits as breeding sites.://000226589200008-891OA Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:40 1081-1710ISI:000226589200008Yapabandara, AMGM Anti Malaria Campaign, Reg Off, Matale, Sri Lanka Anti Malaria Campaign, Reg Off, Matale, Sri Lanka Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, EnglandEnglishI|7eLeng, G. Gries, W.2005Simultaneous determination of pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry285-294WJournal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences8142biomonitoring pyrethroids pyrethrum urine gc/hrms derivatization solid-phase extraction human dose-excretion trace levels insecticides cypermethrin exposure (s)-bioallethrinJan 25A new developed gas chromatographic-high resolution mass spectrometric method for the sensitive simultaneous determination of trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid, cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid in human urine is presented. These metabolites are biomarkers for an exposure to pyrethrum, allethrin, resmethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or permethrin. Therefore, with the help of this method for the first time a complete assessment of exposure to pyrethroid and pyrethrin insecticides is possible. After acid hydrolysis and extraction with tert-butyl-methyl-ether the residue is derivatized with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol and analyzed by GC/HRMS in electron impact mode (detection limits <0.1 mug/l) as well as in negative chemical ionization mode (detection limit <0.05 mug/l urine). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000226438400011.889JD Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:30 1570-0232ISI:000226438400011Leng, G Bayer Ind Serv GmbH & Co, Inst Biol Monitoring, Dept SUA GHA GSS, OHG, Bldg L9, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany Bayer Ind Serv GmbH & Co, Inst Biol Monitoring, Dept SUA GHA GSS, OHG, D-51368 Leverkusen, GermanyEnglish|7frYoon, K. S. Gao, J. R. Lee, S. H. Coles, G. C. Meinking, T. L. Taplin, D. Edman, J. D. Takano-Lee, M. Clark, J. M.2004^Resistance and cross-resistance to insecticides in human head lice from Florida and California192-201%Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology803pediculus capitis insecticide resistance kdr-type mutation oxidative metabolism esterases pediculus-capitis anoplura knockdown resistance pyrethroid insecticides united-states permethrin louse malathion susceptibility schoolchildren efficacyNovgHead lice from Florida (SF-HL) and California (SC-HL) were resistant to permethrin compared with colonized susceptible lice from Panama (PA-HL) (5.5- and 3.4-fold, respectively) and Ecuador (EC-HL) (8.5- and 5.3-fold, respectively). Permethrin-resistant lice were cross-resistant to pyrethrum and DDT. DNA sequencing validated presence of kdr-type mutations (T929I and L932F). Permethrin resistance was synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in SC-HL. Resistance to malathion in SF-HL (1.4-2.2-fold) and SC-HL (2.1-3.6-fold) was detected. Malathion resistance in SF-HL was synergized by S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) and by PBO in SC-HL. Malathion/permethrin-resistant lice from the UK (BR-HL) were synergized by DEF but not synerziged by PBO. PBO protected BR-HL from malathion, indicating suppressed desulfuration. Abamectin resistance in SF-HL (1.7-2.5-fold) and SC-HL (1.8-2.3-fold) was detected. No resistance to lindane was found. Thus, multiple resistance mechanisms against commonly available and widely used pediculicides and insecticides are apparently occurring. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000226186000008.885VT Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:24 0048-3575ISI:000226186000008Clark, JM Univ Massachusetts, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Massachusetts, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Univ Bristol, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Bristol BS40 5DU, Avon, England Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol & Cutaneous Surg, Miami, FL 33101 USA Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USAEnglish|7g_Mwangangi, J. M. Mbogo, C. M. Nzovu, J. G. Kabiru, E. W. Mwanbi, H. Githure, J. I. Beier, J. C.2004xRelationships between body size of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the Kenya Coast390-3944Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association204anopheles gambiae an. funestus wing length sporozoite rates elisa malaria transmission circurnsporozoite protein gambiae complex host-seeking malaria transmission infection fecundity culicidae diptera field ageDecThe influence of body size of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles merus, and Anopheles funestus on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the Kenyan coast. Adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (PSC) from April to September 2001. Wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. The P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. A total of 1,715 anopheline mosquitoes were collected, of which 785 (45.77%) were An. gambiae s.s., 54 (3.15%) An. arabiensis, An. merus 27 (1.57%), and 849 (49.5%) were An. funestus. The mean wing length for An. gambiae s.s. was 2.94 mm and that of An. funestus was 2.50 mm. There was no site-to-site variation in the body size of An. gambiae or An. funestus. There was no significant difference in wing length between sporozoite-infected and uninfected An. gambiae s.s., and the same was found for An. funestus. At the 3 rural coastal sites in Kenya, the efficiency of malaria parasite transmission does not appear to be influenced by variation in vector body size.://000226080000008-884JD Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:26 8756-971XISI:000226080000008Mwangangi, JM Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Geog Med Res Coast, POB 428, Kilifi 80108, Kenya Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Geog Med Res Coast, Kilifi 80108, Kenya Kenyatta Univ, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Natal, Sch Math Stat & Informat Technol, ZA-3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Human Hlth Div, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Miami, FL 33136 USAEnglish |7hMorse, S. McNamara, N.2004XPromoting sustainability: Efficacy and adoption of tobacco-based insecticides in Nigeria17-38"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture244agricultural sustainability nigeria tobacco-based insecticide agricultural experimentation botanical insecticides african agriculture contrasts ngos aid|The promotion of technologies seen to be aiding in the attainment of agricultural sustainability has been Popular amongst Northern-based development donors for many years. One of these, botanical insecticides (e.g., those based on neem, Pyrethrum and tobacco) have been a particular favorite as they are equated with being 'natural' and hence less damaging to human health and the environment. This paper describes the outcome of interactions between one non-government organisation (NGO), the Diocesan Development Services (DDS), based in Kogi State, Nigeria, and a major development donor based in Europe that led to the establishment of a programme designed to promote the Virtues of a tobacco-based insecticide to small-scale farmers. The Tobacco Insecticide Programme (TIP) began in the late 1980s and ended in 200 1, absorbing significant quantities of resource in the process. TIP began with exploratory investigations of efficacy on the DDS seed multiplication farm followed by stages of researcher-managed and farmer-managed on-farm trials. A survey in 2002 assessed adoption of the technology by farmers. While yield benefits from using the insecticide were nearly always positive and statistically significant relative to an untreated control, they were not as good as commercial insecticides. However, adoption of the tobacco insecticide by local farmers was poor. The paper discusses the reasons for poor adoption, including relative benefits in gross margin, and uses the TIP example to explore the differing power relationships that exist between donors, their field partners and farmers. (C) 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.://000225238500003-872VY Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:30 1044-0046ISI:000225238500003Morse, S Univ Reading, Dept Geog, POB 227, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England Univ Reading, Dept Geog, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England Diocesan Dev Serv, Idah, Kogi State, NigeriaEnglish|7iXCohuet, A. Simard, F. Wondji, C. S. Antonio-Nkondjio, C. Awono-Ambene, P. Fontenille, D.2004High malaria transmission intensity due to Anopheles funestus (Diptera : Culicidae) in a village of Savannah-forest transition area in Cameroon901-905Journal of Medical Entomology415anopheles funestus malaria transmission cameroon polymerase-chain-reaction southern cameroon plasmodium-falciparum chromosomal forms gambiae s.s identification vectors assay nili speciationSepAn entomological survey was conducted on vectors of malaria in a village of the forest-savannah transition area in Cameroon from February 1999 to October 2000. A total of 2,050 anopheline mosquitoes belonging to eight species were caught 1) after landing on human volunteers, 2) by using pyrethrum spray collections in human dwellings, and 3) in resting sites outdoors. Anopheles funestus Giles was the most abundant species (accounting for 91% of anophelines caught) followed by Anopheles gambiae Giles (7%). Applying polymerase chain reaction led to the identification of all specimens of the An.funestus group as An.funestus sensu stricto and mosquitoes from the An. gambiae complex were mostly An. gambiae sensu stricto of the S molecular form. Malaria transmission was perennial with an entomological inoculation rate estimated at 172 infective bites per person during the period of study. An. funestus was responsible for 88% of the total malaria transmission, with a Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite rate of 6.8% and an anthropophilic rate of 99.3%. These results confirm that in high agricultural activity areas, An. funestus can be, by far, the major malaria vector.://000224328200014-860FP Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:35 0022-2585ISI:000224328200014Cohuet, A European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Inst Rech Dev LIN IRD, Lab Lutte Contre Insectes Nuisibles, F-34394 Montpellier 1, France Org Cooperat & Coordinat Lutte Contre Endemies Afr, Antenne IRD, Entomol Lab, Yaounde, CameroonEnglish |7jAntonious, G. F.2004FResidues and half-lives of pyrethrins on field-grown pepper and tomato491-503gJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes394multi-purpose insecticide pyrethrum synergist pbo diatomaceous earth persistence hplc solid phase extraction maximum residue limit piperonyl butoxide dimethoate residues bean foliage persistence cotton fate soil insecticides performance metabolites/The dried flower heads of Tanacetum cinerariifolium Trev. (Family: Compositae) contain insecticidal compounds collectively called "pyrethrins." Pyrethrins are the subject of intense interest for use in crop protection because their toxicological properties permit control of certain insect species at application rates as low as 5-10 g AI acre(-1). Seedlings of sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bell Boy Hybrid and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Mountain Spring F1 Hybrid were planted and sprayed with a Multi-Purpose Insecticide formulation that contains 0.2% pyrethrins, 1.0% piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 88% diatomaceous earth, and 10.8% inert ingredients. The formulation was sprayed on pepper and tomato foliage when tomato fruits became red ripe and pepper became mature green at the rate of 61bs of formulated product per acre (5.4 and 27.2 g AI of pyrethrins and PBO, respectively). Following spraying, pepper and tomato leaves and fruits were collected at different time intervals for residue analysis using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector. Residues of pyrethrins and PBO were generally higher on the leaves than fruits. Initial deposits (1 h following spraying) of pyrethrins were significantly higher on pepper than tomato fruits. Half-life (T-1/2) values on pepper and tomato fruits did not exceed 2 h. Where concern exists over synthetic pesticide residues on treated crops and in the environment, pyrethrins are suitable alternatives that can be used to reduce the risk of exposure to synthetic pesticide residues.://000223959900001-855FZ Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:37 0360-1234ISI:000223959900001Antonious, GF Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Land Grant Program, Community Res Serv, 218 Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Land Grant Program, Community Res Serv, Frankfort, KY 40601 USAEnglish|7k+Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Wilson, C. R.2004YPathogenicity of fungi commonly isolated from foliar disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum crops441-444Australasian Plant Pathology333accuracy blightkThe pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, Stemphylium botryosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Ulocladium atrum commonly associated with diseased foliage of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineariifolium) was characterised by inoculating glasshouse-grown pyrethrum plants in three replicated experiments. In the first experiment only one cultivar was used, whilst in the remaining two experiments the susceptibility of cultivars was evaluated. Inoculation with A. alternata, C. cladosporioides and U. atrum failed to induce disease in any cultivar. Inoculation with A. tenuissima resulted in the development of necrotic spots which coalesced to cover large areas of the leaves in all cultivars, whereas foliage of those inoculated with S. botryosum developed necrotic halos surrounded by a pink/brown margin. No significant differences were detected in disease severity following inoculation with A. tenuissima or S. botryosum between the four cultivars commonly grown in Tasmania. However, some significant differences were noted between cultivars in the number of lesions per leaf following inoculation with S. botryosum.://000223748000018-852IC Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:14 0815-3191ISI:000223748000018Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, North West Ctr, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, North West Ctr, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, New Town Res Labs, New Town, Tas 7008, AustraliaEnglish9|7l Walia, S. Saha, S. Parmar, B. S.2004yLiquid chromatographic method for the analysis of two plant based insecticide synergists dillapiole and dihydrodillapiole229-233Journal of Chromatography A10472Ianethum sowa dillapiole dihydrodillapiole pesticides pyrethrum synergistsAug 27A reversed-phase LC method for the determination of two plant based insecticide synergists dillapiole (5-allyl 6,7-dimethoxy 1,3-benzodioxole) and dihydrodillapiole (5-n-propyl 6,7-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodioxole) is reported. The resolution of dillapiole and dihydrodillapiole has been achieved on RP-18 column using methanol-water (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase and a photodiode array detector at 207 nm. The response was linear in the range of 25-250 mug. The developed isocratic RP-LC method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. It has been applied for individual or simultaneous detection, monitoring and quantification of dillapiole and dihydrodillapiole from treated French bean Phaseolus sp. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000223560900009-849SL Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:10 0021-9673ISI:000223560900009Parmar, BS Indian Agr Res Inst, Div Agr Chem, New Delhi 110012, India Indian Agr Res Inst, Div Agr Chem, New Delhi 110012, IndiaEnglish|7m Mocatta, G.2004Pyrethrum: Nature's insecticide320-322$Journal of Equine Veterinary Science248Aug://000223525000006,849FV Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 0737-0806ISI:000223525000006English|7nBGreen, P. W. C. Simmonds, M. S. J. Blaney, W. M. Khambay, B. P. S.2004sEffects of plant-derived compounds on larvae of a blowfly species that causes secondary myiases: Laboratory studies538-541Phytotherapy Research187azadirachtin pyrethrum naphthoquinone myiasis phormia-regina spodoptera-littoralis azadirachtin calliphoridae responses toxicity analogs diptera sheepJulgNo-choice and binary-choice bioassays were used to test the effect of a range of plant-derived insecticides on the behaviour of larvae of the black blowfly Phormia regina (Meigen). Azadirachtin (100 and 10 ppm), pyrethrum extract (10 ppm) and the naphthoquinone BTG 505 (1000 ppm) acted as deterrents for P. regina larvae. The mortality of larvae was reduced in instances where they moved away from a treated diet. Larvae given a choice were heavier, when compared with larvae reared exclusively on diets containing either azadirachtin (100 or 10 ppm) or the naphthoquinones, BTG 504 (1000 ppm) or BTG 505 (1000 ppm). The deterrent effect of azadirachtin, pyrethrum and the naphthoquinone BTG 505 together with their larvicidal activity, could be utilized in prophylaxis against myiasis infections due to larvae of Phormia regina. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.://000223286000008-846AC Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:19 0951-418XISI:000223286000008Simmonds, MSJ Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London, England IACR, Chem Ecol Grp, Harpenden, Herts, EnglandEnglish '|7o Hou, X. W. Fields, P. Taylor, W.2004Combination of protein-rich pea flour and pea extract with insecticides and enzyme inhibitors for control of stored-product beetles581-590Canadian Entomologist1364oryzae l coleoptera pisum-sativum detoxication enzymes diatomaceous-earth house-flies split-peas insects curculionidae ability breedJul-AugProtein-rich pea flour and its extract are toxic to stored-product beetles and, at a concentration of 0.1%, can control these insects in a granary. To reduce the concentration of protein-rich pea flour needed to control stored-product beetles, natural products or currently used grain protectants (diatomaceous earth, neem, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), malathion, and pyrethrum) were mixed with protein-rich pea flour in wheat. Mixtures were tested against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Neem and protein-rich pea flour acted synergistically against T castaneum. Malathion and protein-rich pea flour acted synergistically against S. oryzae. Protein-rich pea flour combined with diatomaceous earth or pyrethrum acted additively against S. oryzae. All other combinations acted antagonistically. An extract from protein-rich pea flour reduced feeding of S. oryzae, and three enzyme inhibitors, piperonyl butoxide, profenofos, and diethyl maleate, were tested for their possible synergistic effects on feeding deterrence and mortality. Piperonyl butoxide and pea extract had additive effects, and diethyl maleate had no effect on the feeding and mortality of insects. Profenofos alone killed all insects in 3 days. The flour consumption of S. oryzae was positively correlated with LT50 (time to 50% mortality) in flour disks treated with pea extract.://000223150900004-844IG Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:35 0008-347XISI:000223150900004Fields, P Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada Univ Manitoba, Dept Entomol, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada Agr & Agri Food Canada, Saskatoon Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, CanadaEnglish|7p.Yang, Y. C. Lee, H. S. Clark, J. M. Ahn, Y. J.2004hInsecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura : Pediculidae)699-704Journal of Medical Entomology414tnatural insecticide natural pediculicide fumigant pediculus humanus capitis essential oil head lice resistance fruitJulmThe insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm(2). At 0.125 mg/cm(2), pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.://000222901800023.841AN Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:25 0022-2585ISI:000222901800023Yang, YC Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South KoreaEnglish |7q5Huang, J. Kristensen, M. Qiao, C. L. Jespersen, J. B.2004lFrequency of kdr gene in house fly field populations: Correlation of pyrethroid resistance and kdr frequency 1036-1041Journal of Economic Entomology973$pyrethroid resistance allele-specific polymerase chain reaction voltage-gated sodium channel resistance management irritans irritans diptera polymerase-chain-reaction knockdown-resistance insecticide resistance haematobia-irritans musca-domestica molecular-biology super-kdr horn fly muscidaeJun|The frequency of the L1014 F kdr mutation was determined in 14 field populations of house flies, Musca domestica L., with resistance factors at LD50 for pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide and bioresmetbrin/piperonyl butoxide from 4 to 29 and 2 to 98, respectively. A polymerase chain reaction test for identifying kdr homo- or heterozygote house flies was used to determine the frequency of kdr. The L1014 F allele was found in all populations tested. The frequency of kdr in the field populations was high and varied from 0.46 to 0.99. Eleven of the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whereas two strains had higher number of heterozygotes than expected, indicating a possible heterozygote advantage. The frequency of kdr was strongly correlated with the reduced mortality observed in the bioassays with pyrethrum and bioresmethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide. This indicates that kdr is a major mechanism for pyrethroid resistance in these field populations. Five field populations had resistance factors >25 and >10 for bioresmethrin / piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrin / piperonyl butoxide, respectively. The frequencies of kdr in these five populations varied from 0.89 to 0.99. The frequencies of kdr in the field populations showing no or a low level of resistance had frequencies of kdr from 0.46 to 0.75, which indicates that the L1014 F kdr allele is a fully recessive genetic trait in house flies. We have shown that the molecular diagnostic PASA method to determine the resistance phenotypes and the frequency of kdr is a powerful tool, which could be used to get information to make recommendations about pest and resistance management.://000222315200046-833CY Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:26 0022-0493ISI:000222315200046Huang, J Danish Pest Infestn Lab, Skovbrynet 14, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Danish Pest Infestn Lab, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, State Key Lab Integrated Management Pest Insects, Beijing 100080, Peoples R ChinaEnglish=|7r*Pethybridge, S. J. Scott, J. B. Hay, F. S.2004Genetic relationships among isolates of Phoma ligulicola from pyrethrum and chrysanthemum based on ITS sequences and its detection by PCR173-181Australasian Plant Pathology332Pmycosphaerella-ligulicola differentiation phytophthora temperature disease fungi}Variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S gene and ITS2) region of the rDNA ( ITS) was used to characterise the phylogenetic relationships among Phoma ligulicola isolates infecting pyrethrum crops in Tasmania, P. ligulicola isolates from the USA, Germany and mainland Australia, and other closely related fungal species. This study reports the first characterisation of the ITS region of P. ligulicola. Sequence homology within P. ligulicola isolates varied between 99.3 and 100%. For 9 of the 11 isolates from Tasmania, Australia, the nucleotide sequences in this region were identical, whereas the sequences for the remaining two isolates differed only by two nucleotides in the ITS1 region. Isolates from Australia and the USA failed to metabolise NaOH on malt-extract agar and were characterised as P. ligulicola var. inoxydablis. The two isolates from ray blight disease of chrysanthemum in Germany ( DSMZ 63133 and DSMZ 62547) were classified as P. ligulicola var. ligulicola. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the ITS sequences of P. ligulicola isolates were more similar to other Phoma species than selected representatives of the Mycosphaerella genus. Didymella bryoniae had the greatest interspecific homology with P. ligulicola of the fungi used in this study. This information was used to design specific primers within the ITS regions for the detection of P. ligulicola.://000222060800005-829OZ Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:32 0815-3191ISI:000222060800005Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, North West Ctr, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, North West Ctr, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia CSIRO Plant Ind, St Lucia, Qld 4072, AustraliaEnglish|7s Pethybridge, S. J. Wilson, C. R.2004>A survey for viruses and a viroid in Tasmanian pyrethrum crops301-303Australasian Plant Pathology332/spotted wilt tospovirus chrysanthemum infectionIn early 2003, 4-year-old pyrethrum crops in north-west Tasmania were surveyed for the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato aspermy virus (TAV), various members of the genera Potyvirus and Carlavirus, and Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd). Of these, only TSWV was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Most (18/21) of the crops planted in 1999 contained plants symptomlessly infected with TSWV, with a mean incidence of 2.6% ( range 0 - 11.3%). In comparison, less than half of 1-year-old crops were affected by TSWV and the mean incidence of infection was only 0.1% ( range 0 - 0.5%). Examination of the spatial distribution of TSWV infected crops ( irrespective of age) showed crops in the Central Coast region had a significantly higher mean incidence of TSWV (3.1%) than those in the Devonport (0.2%) and Burnie/Wynyard ( 0.2%) regions.://000222060800019-829OZ Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:17 0815-3191ISI:000222060800019Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, NW Ctr, TIAR, POB 3523, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, NW Ctr, TIAR, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia TIAR, New Town Res Labs, Hobart, Tas 7001, AustraliaEnglishp|7tLeatemia, J. A. Isman, M. B.2004uEfficacy of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. in the greenhouse129-133(International Journal of Pest Management502}seed extracts botanical insecticide residual action bacillus-thuringiensis cross-resistance lepidoptera inheritance stabilityApr-JunExperiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa collected from Ambon (Maluku, Indonesia) against larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., feeding on cabbage. Three greenhouse trials were carried out using aqueous seed extracts and an aqueous emulsion of ethanolic seed extracts. At a concentration of 0.5% (w/v), an aqueous emulsion of an ethanolic seed extract was 2.5 fold more effective than 1% rotenone, a commercial botanical insecticide. Crude aqueous seed extracts showed efficacy comparable to pyrethrum, the most widely used botanical insecticide. Seed extract of A. squamosa is a promising candidate for development as a simple botanical insecticide for local use in rural Indonesia.://000221262200007-818RM Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:31 0967-0874ISI:000221262200007Isman, MB Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEnglish |7u;Yang, Y. C. Choi, H. Y. Choi, W. S. Clark, J. A. Ahn, Y. J.2004Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura : Pediculidae) 2507-2511*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry529natural insecticide pediculicide ovicide fumigant pediculus humanus capitis human head louse eucalyptus globulus 1,8-cineole alpha-terpineol (e)-pinocaveol monoterpenoid stored-product insects head lice monoterpenoids resistanceMay 5 The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, I-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1 -alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptus leaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. I-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.://000221135100013.816UP Times Cited:16 Cited References Count:25 0021-8561ISI:0002211351000134Ahn, YJ Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea Seoul Hlth Coll, Dept Environm Hlth, Sungnam 461713, South Korea Hansol Forem Co Ltd, Seoul 135080, South Korea Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USAEnglish 0|7v0Rajaonarivelo, V. Le Goff, G. Cot, M. Brutus, L.2004nAnophelines and malaria transmission in Ambohimena, a village of the occidental fringe of Madagascar Highlands75-829Parasite-Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie111malaria anopheles funestus anopheles arabiensis transmission madagascar linked immunosorbent-assay identification vector mascarensis elisaMar7 ANOPHELINES AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN AMBOHTMENA, A VILLAGE OF THE OCCIDENTAL FRINGE OF MADAGASCAR HIGHLANDS The anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were investigated in the Middle West of Madagascar, in the village of Ambohimena (at the altitude of 940 meters during two years August 1996 to July 1998). This village is located outside the vector control area, where yearly DDT house spraying campaigns have been conducted between 1993 and 1998. Collection of mosquitoes was mainly based on all night man biting collections (650 man-nights, pyrethrum spray catches (224 bedrooms and direct collections in outdoor resting places 140 toilets, 61 pigsties, 33 holes, 19 sheds, 79 sisal hedges, 70 cart shelters). Blood fed anophelines allowed analysis of the origin of blood with an ELISA method. Presence of circum-sporazoite protein was assessed with another ELISA method, The total number of collected anophelines was 14,280. Two malaria vectors were identified: Anopheles funestus Giles, 1900 and An. arabiensis Patton, 1902. An. funestus was the most abundant mosquito, especially during the hot rainy season. Two peaks of abundance were observed (in December and April). Endophagic rate (for mosquitoes aggressive for Man. of 35.3%, an endophilic rate (for resting mosquitoes' of 78.0% and an anthropophilic rate (for indoor resting mosquitoes of 64.0% were calculated. The average parity rate was relatively low (61.2%. The Plasmodium falciparum immunological sporozoite rate was 0.20%. An. funestus presented a higher vectorial capacity during the first round of rice cultivation (January) than during the second round April-May. An. arabiensis was mostly abundant in December and January at the beginning of the rainy season. This species was exophagic endophagic rate 27.5%) and zoophilic (anthropophilic rate = 7.8%. The sporozoitic index was determinated as zero number of examined mosquitoes = 871). In this village, An. arabiensis presented only marginal importance for malaria transmission. Malaria transmission occurred from December to April. Annual entomological inoculation rate, only due to An. funestus, was 8.96 during the first year, and 3.17 during the second year. In this area where transmission is moderately stable, we suggest an extension of vector imagocidal control activities up to the western fringes of the Highlands.://000220703100010-810KL Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:24 1252-607XISI:000220703100010Rajaonarivelo, V IRD, Lab Insectes Nuisibles, UR 16, BP 64501,911 Ave Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France IRD, Lab Insectes Nuisibles, UR 16, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France IRD, UR 10, Paris, France INLASA, La Paz, BoliviaFrench |7wvMcAbee, R. D. Kang, K. D. Stanich, M. A. Christiansen, J. A. Wheelock, C. E. Inman, A. D. Hammock, B. D. Cornel, A. J.2004XPyrethroid tolerance in Culex pipiens pipiens var molestus from Marin County, California359-368Pest Management Science604culex pipiens complex pyrethroid resistance quinquefasciatus diptera west-africa resistance culicidae mosquitos populations mechanisms malathion esterase valleyApr3In May 2001 a sample of Culex pipiens pipiens variety molestus Forskal from Marin County, California, collected as larvae and reared to adults, was found to show reduced resmethrin and permethrin knock-down responses in bottle bioassays relative to a standard susceptible Cx pipiens quinquefasciatus Say colony (CQ1). Larval susceptibility tests, using CQ1 as standard susceptible, indicated that the Marin mosquitoes had LC50 resistance ratios of 18.3 for permethrin, 12 for deltamethrin and 3.3 for pyrethrum. A colony of Marin was established and rapidly developed higher levels of resistance in a few generations after exposure to permethrin as larvae. These selected larvae were shown to cross-resist to lambda-cyhalothrin as well as to DDT. However, adult knock-down time in the presence of permethrin, resmethrin and pyrethrum. was not increased after increase in tolerance to pyrethroids as larvae. Partial and almost complete reversion to susceptibility as larvae was achieved with S, S, S-tributylphosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), respectively, suggesting the presence of carboxylesterase and P450 monooxygenase mediated resistance. Insensitive target site resistance (kdr) was also detected in some Marin mosquitoes by use of an existing PCR-based diagnostic assay designed for Cx p pipiens L mosquitoes. Carboxylesterase mediated resistance was supported by use of newly synthesized novel pyrethroid-selective substrates in activity assays. Bottle bioassays gave underestimates of the levels of tolerance to pyrethroids of Marin mosquitoes when compared with mortality rates in field trials using registered pyrethroid adulticides with and without PBO. This study represents the first report of resistance to pyrethroids in a feral population of a mosquito species in the USA. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry.://000220445600004.806PK Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:33 1526-498XISI:000220445600004?Cornel, AJ Univ Calif Davis, Mosquito Control Res Lab, Kearney Agr Field Stn, 9240 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA Univ Calif Davis, Mosquito Control Res Lab, Kearney Agr Field Stn, Parlier, CA 93648 USA Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA Merced Cty Mosquito Abatement Dist, Merced, CA 95340 USAEnglish|7xWyss, E. Daniel, C.2004tEffects of autumn kaolin and pyrethrin treatments on the spring population of Dysaphis plantaginea in apple orchards147-149Journal of Applied Entomology1282{dysaphis plantaginea apple orchard autumn treatment kaolin pyrethrin augmentative releases adalia-bipunctata particle filmsMar^The impact of treatments with the pyrethrin insecticide Pyrethrum FS and the repellent kaolin product Surround((R)) WP to control the autumn forms of Dysaphis plantaginea Pass. (Hom., Aphididae), a major insect pest of apple, was assessed in 1-year field experiments in Switzerland. Single and multiple applications of pyrethrin and kaolin were tested at different dates after apple harvesting in autumn 2002 when sexuales of the rosy apple aphid were present. Repeated applications of Surround((R)) WP in autumn significantly reduced the number of females in autumn and, consequently, the number of hatched fundatrices in spring. Single kaolin treatments were less effective. Unexpectedly, neither single nor multiple applications of the contact insecticide Pyrethrum FS had a knock-down effect on females in autumn. However, pyrethrin significantly reduced the number of hatched fundatrices in spring. Neither pesticide completely controlled the rosy apple aphid but with a more detailed analysis of factors influencing the efficacy of autumn treatments a new approach to control this serious pest could be achieved.://000220175600011,802PO Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:9 1439-0418ISI:000220175600011oWyss, E Res Inst Organ Agr, Ackerstr, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland Res Inst Organ Agr, CH-5070 Frick, SwitzerlandEnglish |7yHeukelbach, J. Feldmeier, H.2004(Ectoparasites - the underestimated realm889-891Lancet3639412hhead lice insecticide resistance pediculus-capitis scabies ivermectin prevalence brazil efficacy villageMar 13Context Ectoparasitoses (infestations with parasites that live on or in the skin) can cause considerable morbidity. Whereas. pediculosis and scabies are ubiquitous, cutaneous larva;, migrans and tungiasis (sand-flea disease) occur mainly in hot! climates. The prevalence of ectoparasitoses in the general population is usually low, but can be high in vulnerable groups. Scientific knowledge on how to deal best with parasitic skin diseases in different settings is scanty, and evidence-based measures for control are not available. For head lice and scabies the situation is daunting, because resistance of Pediculus humanus capitis and Sarcoptes scabiei to insecticides is spreading and unpredictable. Starting point J Hunter and S Barker reported different, patterns of resistance in schoolchildren in Brisbane, Australia: full resistance to malathion, permethrin, and pyrethrum in two schools, whereas head lice were susceptible to malathion and, to a lesser extent, to pyrethrums in three other schools (Parasitol Res 2003; 90: 476-78). K Yoon and colleagues found different resistance patterns in the USA and Ecuador (Arch Dermatol 2003; 1.39: 994-1000). Head lice from Florida were less susceptible to permethrin than those from Texas, and parasites from Ecuador were susceptible to both insecticides tested. Where next? The occurrence of resistant pediculosis and scabies is expected to increase numerically and geographically. Clinicoepidemiological studies are urgently needed to identify the factors which govern the emergence and spread 1 of strains of P humanus capitis and S scabiei that are resistant to insecticide or acaricide. Oral treatment with ivermectin could substitute for topically applied compounds, particularly in resource-poor communities where polyparasitism is common. A better understanding of local epidemiology is required to develop control measures. This knowledge has to be applied in combination with environmental sanitation, health education, and culturally acceptable interventions that are affordable by the underprivileged.://000220231500025.803LB Times Cited:24 Cited References Count:26 0140-6736ISI:000220231500025'Feldmeier, H Charite Univ Med Berlin, Inst Int Hlth, Campus Benjamin Franklin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany Charite Univ Med Berlin, Inst Int Hlth, D-12203 Berlin, Germany Fed Univ Ceara State, Mandacaru Fdn, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil Fed Univ Ceara State, Dept Community Med, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilEnglish|7z8Antonious, G. F. Patel, G. A. Snyder, J. C. Coyne, M. S.2004CPyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide adsorption to soil organic matter19-32gJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes391wadsorption soil organic matter mobility batch-equilibrium reverse-phase tlc pyrethrum residues pesticides samples wateruThe adsorption and mobility of pyrethrins (Pys), the major insecticidal components obtained from the pyrethrum daisy Tanacetum cinerariifolium, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a pyrethrum synergist, were determined in soil using batch-equilibrium and reverse-phase thin-layer chromatographic techniques. Two soil management practices were used, soil mixed with yard waste compost (COM) at 50 t acre(-1) on dry weight basis and no-mulch (NM) bare soil. Adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out using known concentrations of Pys (Py-I and Py-II) and PBO mixed with known amounts of COM or NM soil at constant temperature and pressure until equilibrium was attained. Pys and PBO in soil extracts were purified and concentrated using solid-phase extraction cartridges containing C-18-octadecyl bonded silica. Pys and PBO residues were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV detector. Adsorption studies showed that compost amended soil adsorbed more Pys and PBO than native (NM) soil. Py-I adsorption was greater than Py-II and PBO. Adsorption of Pys and PBO to humic and fulvic acids was also studied by reverse-phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC). Results indicated that humic acid, a significant component of organic matter, reduced Pys and PBO mobility. Pys and PBO mobility decreased as the concentration of humic acid in the mobile phase increased.://000189279300002-779DA Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:31 0360-1234ISI:000189279300002Antonious, GF Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Atwood Res Facil 218, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Atwood Res Facil 218, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Lexington, KY USA Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY USAEnglishx|7{)Atkinson, B. L. Blackman, A. J. Faber, H.20049The degradation of the natural pyrethrins in crop storage280-287*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry522gpyrethrum pyrethrins tanacetum cinerariaefolium storage degradation temperature moisture chromatographyJan 28Prolonged storage of harvested Tasmanian pyrethrum crop from Tanacetum cinerariaefolium has resulted in substantial losses of the pyrethrin esters due to the environmental conditions in the storage shed. The generation of heat, the presence of moisture and oxygen, and the microbial activity were identified as possible causes. A pyrethrum crop sample was divided up and stored in different conditions relating to these variables, and the pyrethrins content was monitored over time using a standard method. Temperature was determined to be a critical factor in the rate of the degradation of the natural pyrethrins. Moisture, oxygen, and microbial activity unexpectedly did not play a major role in the degradation. An initial rapid loss of the natural pyrethrins was observed before the pyrethrins content stabilized at a loss of around 65%. This suggests that the plant structure may provide chemical or physical protection to the pyrethrins. In all cases, the majority of the loss was attributed to the pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II esters.://000188366300022-766GJ Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:23 0021-8561ISI:000188366300022Blackman, AJ Univ Tasmania, Sch Chem, Hobart, Tas 7005, Australia Univ Tasmania, Sch Chem, Hobart, Tas 7005, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglish|7|@Halmagyi, A. Fischer-Kluver, G. Mix-Wagner, G. Schumacher, H. M.2004iCryopreservation of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Dendranthema grandiflora Ramat.) using different approaches371-375Plant Cell Reports226ichrysanthemum cryopreservation droplet method vitrification encapsulation/dehydration shoot-tips culturesJanChrysanthemum species are grown both as ornamentals and for the production of pyrethrum. Recent increased production and breeding efforts have raised the need for the conservation of valuable germplasm. Chrysanthemum has been cryopreserved by controlled-rate-freezing as early as 1990. We report here deep-freezing of shoot tips of C. morifolium var. Escort by different technical procedures: controlled-rate-freezing, encapsulation/dehydration, ultra-rapid-freezing by the droplet method and vitrification. While vitrification yielded the highest shoot regeneration rates, the very simple droplet method was also successful in this respect. Droplet freezing was successfully performed with nine cultivars. Our results open the door to the successful use of alternative methods if one method fails to cryopreserve a variety. Furthermore, it enables comparative investigations of genetic stability and cyro-injury to be carried out.://000187505300003.756VV Times Cited:22 Cited References Count:11 0721-7714ISI:000187505300003Schumacher, HM DSMZ Deutsch Sammlung Mikroorganismen & Zellkultu, Mascheroder Weg 1B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany DSMZ Deutsch Sammlung Mikroorganismen & Zellkultu, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany Inst Biol Res, Cluj Napoca, Romania Jungpflanzen Gartnerei, Hubert Brandkamp, D-46419 Isselburg Anholt, Germany Fed Agr Res Ctr FAL, Inst Crop & Grassland Sci, D-38116 Braunschweig, GermanyEnglish|7}:Samarasekera, J. K. R. R. Khambay, B. P. S. Hemalal, K. P.20044A new insecticidal protolimonoid from Aegle marmelos117-122Natural Product Research182Raegle marmelos rutaceae insecticidal protolimonoid skimmiarepin triterpenoids barkAprBioassay-directed fractionation of the ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of Aegle marmelos Correa (Rutaceae) afforded a new compound, named skimmiarepin C, along with skimmiarepin A. The latter is a known compound but isolation from A. marmelos is new. The new compound is a senecioate ester analogue of the latter. Full identification of the new compound was achieved using spectroscopic methods on the separated mono-acetate derivatives. Skimmiarepins A and C exhibit moderate insecticidal activity against Phaedon cochleariae and Musca domestica in comparison with natural pyrethrum extract. The two epimeric acetates of skimmiarepin C are both less active.://000186616700004-744FF Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:14 1478-6419ISI:000186616700004Khambay, BPS Rothamsted Res, Biol Chem Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Rothamsted Res, Biol Chem Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, EnglandEnglish 3|7~MMaxwell, C. A. Chambo, W. Mwaimu, M. Magogo, F. Carneiro, I. A. Curtis, C. F.2003Variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in Tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets-Malaria Journal2[plasmodium-falciparum chlorproguanil-dapsone mosquitos infections villages exposure bednetsSeppBackground: Highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. It has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission. Methods: Mosquitoes were sampled with light traps, pyrethrum spray and window exit traps. They were tested by ELISA for sporozoites. Incidence of malaria infection was measured by clearing existing infections from children with chlorproguanil-dapsone and then taking weekly blood samples. Prevalence of malaria infection and fever, anaemia and splenomegaly were measured in children of different age groups. All these measurements were made in highland and lowland areas of Tanzania before and after provision of bednets treated with alphacypermethrin. Results: Entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were about 17 times greater in a lowland than a highland area, but incidence of infection only differed by about 2.5 times. Malaria morbidity was significantly less prevalent in the highlands than the lowlands. Treated nets in the highlands and lowlands led to 69 - 75% reduction in EIR. Malaria morbidity showed significant decline in younger children at both altitudes after introduction of treated nets. In children aged 6 - 12 the decline was only significant in the highlands Conclusions: There was no evidence that the health benefits to young children due to the nets in the lowlands were "paid for" by poorer health later in life. Our data support the idea of universal provision of treated nets, not a focus on areas of natural hypo-endemicity.://000186358700005.739QV Times Cited:28 Cited References Count:21 1475-2875ISI:000186358700005Curtis, CF Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, England Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, England Tanzanian Natl Inst Med Res, Ubwari Field Stn, Muheza, Tanga, TanzaniaEnglish<|7GElfein, L. Berger-Preiss, E. Preiss, A. Elend, M. Levsen, K. Wunsch, G.2003Human biomonitoring of pyrethrum and pyrethroid insecticides used indoors: Determination of the metabolites E-cis/trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization195-207WJournal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences7952derivatization, gc pyrethrum pyrethroid insecticides chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid solid-phase extraction linked-immunosorbent-assay electron-capture detection in-house dust risk assessment liquid-chromatography natural pyrethrins carboxylic-acids trace levels human serumOct 5This work describes a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method employing negative chemical ionization (NCI) for the determination of E-cis/trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid (CDCA) in human urine used as a biomarker for the exposure to pyrethrum and/or certain pyrethroids in insecticide formulations applied indoors. Mixed-mode solid phase extraction was utilized for sample cleanup. Extraction recoveries ranged from 92 to 104% (2-9% R.S.D.). The acids were esterified with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) allowing both their gas chromatographic separation and their sensitive mass spectrometric detection under NCI conditions. Detection limits of ca. 0.05 mug/l urine were achieved. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.://000185819800005-730GA Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:55 1570-0232ISI:000185819800005Berger-Preiss, E Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med, Dept Analyt Chem, Nikolai Fuchs Str 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med, Dept Analyt Chem, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Univ Hannover, Inst Inorgan Chem, D-30167 Hannover, GermanyEnglishG|7$Bendjeddou, D. Lalaoui, K. Satta, D.2003Immuno stimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis155-160Journal of Ethnopharmacology882-3anacyclus pyrethrum alpinia galanga citrullus colocynthis plant polysaccharides phagocytic activity mitogenic activity immunostimulating polysaccharides echinacea-purpurea cell-culturesOct{Hot water polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. (family Compositae) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (family Cucurbitaceae) and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (family Zingiberaceae) were tested for their immunostimulating activity in mice. The fractions from Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga showed a marked stimulating effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice. In this case, the optimum doses were 50 and 25 mg/kg for the two fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the polysaccharide extracts of both Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga markedly enhanced the proliferation of the murine spleen cells in vitro using two tests (in vitro and in vivo effect). The results of the in vivo effect at a doses of 50 and 25 mg/kg, showed a stimulation index better than obtained with the in vitro effect at 50 and 25 mug/ml for Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga, respectively. While the extract of Citrullus colocynthis showed much weaker and variable immunostimulating activity. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.://000185398200007.722VG Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:26 0378-8741ISI:000185398200007Bendjeddou, D Mentouri Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Constantine 25000, Algeria Mentouri Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Constantine 25000, AlgeriaEnglish |78Yang, Y. C. Lee, S. H. Lee, W. J. Choi, D. H. Ahn, Y. J.2003iOvicidal and adulticidal effects of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil compounds on Pediculus capitis 4884-4888*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry5117.natural insecticide pediculicide ovicide fumigant pediculus capitis eugenia caryophyllata essential oil gc-ms eugenol methyl salicylate mode of action dermatophagoides-pteronyssinus acari corn-rootworm coleoptera head lice chrysomelidae monoterpenoids pyroglyphidae derivatives resistance farinae fruitAug 13The toxicity of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil-derived compounds (acetyleugenol, beta-caryophyllene, eugenol, alpha-humulene, and methyl salicylate) and congeners of eugenol (isoeugenol and methyleugenol) against eggs and females of Pediculus capitis was examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods and compared with those of the widely used delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter paper diffusion bioassay with female P. capitis, the pediculicidal activity of the Eugenia bud and leaf oils was comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.25 Mg/cm(2). At 0.25 Mg/cm(2), the compound most toxic to female P. capitis was eugenol followed by methyl salicylate. Acetyleugenol, beta-caryophyllene, a-humulene, isoeugenol, and methyleugenol were not effective. Eugenol at 0.25 Mg/cm(2) was as potent as delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum but was slightly less effective than the pyrethroids at 0.125 Mg/cm(2). Against P. capitis eggs, methyl salicylate and eugenol were highly effective at 0.25 and 1.0 Mg/cm(2), respectively, whereas little or no activity at 5 Mg/cm(2) was observed with the other test compounds as well as with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. capitis at 0.25 Mg/cm(2), eugenol and methyl salicylate were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the compounds was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The Eugenia bud and leaf essential oils, particularly eugenol and methyl salicylate, merit further study as potential P. capitis control agents or lead compounds.://000184635500007.709QH Times Cited:18 Cited References Count:30 0021-8561ISI:000184635500007LAhn, YJ Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Adv Organ Mat Engn, Chonju 561756, South Korea Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Adv Organ Mat Engn, Chonju 561756, South Korea Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Suwon 441744, South Korea Natl Inst Hlth, Div Parasitol, Seoul 122020, South Korea Korea Forest Res Inst, Nat Prod Res, Seoul 130712, South KoreaEnglish|75Kiriamiti, H. K. Camy, S. Gourdon, C. Condoret, J. S.2003?Pyrethrin exraction from pyrethrum flowers using carbon dioxide193-200Journal of Supercritical Fluids263Esupercritical co2 extraction pyrethrum pyrethrins natural insecticideAugExtractions of pyrethrins from ground pyrethrum flowers, using supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent, were carried out in a semi-batch pilot plant (extraction volume: 200 ml). Extracts were very similar to those obtained by hexane Soxhlet extraction, except that the ratio of pyrethrins I to pyrethrins II was lower (1.58 instead of 1.79), and less pigments were present. At 40 degreesC, the amount of crude pyrethrum extract was found to be independent of pressure above 100 bar. Pyrethrin content in the crude extract was shown to be higher at 20 degreesC than at 40 degreesC and decreased with decrease in pressure. Effect of particle size was investigated and the biggest particles yielded a lower quantity of extract and contained less pyrethrin. Extract obtained from small particles, at 40 degreesC, contained more undesired product. We also established that the seed part of the whole flower contained more crude extract and pyrethrins than the flower part. Pre-treatment, by preliminary SC-CO2 washing of unground flowers, improved the quality Of SC-CO2 extract, because a part of the undesired waxes was eliminated by this pre-treatment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000184235600002,702QX Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:8 0896-8446ISI:000184235600002Condoret, JS CNRS, UMR 5503, ENSIACET, Lab Genie Chim, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France CNRS, UMR 5503, ENSIACET, Lab Genie Chim, F-31062 Toulouse 4, FranceEnglishf|7 Jeanmart, S.2003NTrends in chrysanthemic acid chemistry: A survey of recent pyrethrum syntheses559-566Australian Journal of Chemistry566magnetic-resonance spectra copper carbenoid reaction tailor-made antibodies enantioselective synthesis asymmetric cyclopropanation natural pyrethrins olefins ring stereochemistry fragmentation://000183461100004-688WW Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:52 0004-9425ISI:000183461100004}Jeanmart, S Fac Univ Notre Dame Paix, 61 Rue Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium Fac Univ Notre Dame Paix, B-5000 Namur, BelgiumEnglish|7'Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S. Groom, T.2003LSeasonal fluctuations in fungi associated with pyrethrum foliage in Tasmania223-230Australasian Plant Pathology322disease accuracyThe temporal fluctuations in disease severity (frequency of plants in disease categories) and the frequency of fungal isolations from lesions on foliage of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineariifolium) were recorded in fields approaching their first harvest throughout 2000 and 2001 in northern Tasmania. In both years, the number of plants with areas of necrotic foliage in the lesser disease categories (< 0.50 of foliage affected) was significantly higher than expected by random chance until August. However, in both years from September onwards this trend was reversed, with the number of plants with areas of necrotic foliage in the higher disease categories (representing > 0.50) being significantly higher than expected by random chance. This corresponded with an increase in the number of consecutive days with rain of at least 0.1 mm and an increase in the frequency of isolation of Phoma ligulicola (a known pathogen) from all lesion types. P. ligulicola was also the most commonly isolated fungus from lesions on stems and buds in 2000 and from necroses of all tissues in 2001. In 2001, necrotic lesions on leaves were differentiated into necrotic spots or marginal necrotic lesions (extending from the margin of the leaf). Alternaria alternata was mostly commonly associated with marginal necroses. A. temissima, Stemphylium botryosum and P. ligulicola were the most common fungi associated with necrotic spots on leaves.://000183443900012.688PF Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:22 0815-3191ISI:000183443900012Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, NW Ctr, POB 447, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, NW Ctr, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Bot Resources Australia Pty Ltd, Ulverstone, Tas 7315, AustraliaEnglishj|7<Dia, I. Diop, T. Rakotoarivony, I. Kengne, P. Fontenille, D.2003Bionomics of Anopheles gambiae Giles, An-arabiensis Patton, An-funestus Giles and An-nili (Theobald) (Diptera : culicidae) and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in a Sudano-Guinean zone (Ngari, Senegal)279-283Journal of Medical Entomology403malaria transmission vectors senegal linked immunosorbent-assay malaria transmission sahelian area identification cameroon villages vectors elisaMayOAn entomological study was conducted in a village of Sudano-Guinean savanna in Senegal, during the rainy season from July to November 2001, to investigate the biology and the involvement of each anopheline species in malaria transmission. Mosquitoes were captured when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. Twelve anopheline species were captured. Four species amounted to 97% of human-bait sampling: Anopheles gambiae molecular form S. An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and An. nili s.s. All An gambiae and An. nili females were fed on human, whereas the anthropophilic rate was 94.5% for An. funestus and 88.9% for An. arabiensis. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite found, and infecting only An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and An. nili. The circumsporozoite rate was 4.5% for An gambiae, 1.6% for An arabien, is, 3.9% for An. funestus, and 2.1% for An. niti. During the period of study, the entomological inoculation rate was estimated to 264 infected bites. An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and An. niti were responsible respectively of 56, 3 20, and 21% of malaria transmission. This study shows for the first time the implication of An, nili in malaria transmission in this area and the complexity of the malaria vectorial system that should be taken into account for any malaria control strategy.://000183019100006-681CJ Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:23 0022-2585ISI:000183019100006Dia, I Inst Pasteur, Lab IRD Entomol Med, Dakar, Senegal Inst Pasteur, Lab IRD Entomol Med, Dakar, Senegal Lab Lutte Contre Insects Nuisibles LIN IRD, Montpellier, FranceEnglish4|7@Biebel, R. Rametzhofer, E. Klapal, H. Polheim, D. Viernstein, H.2003<Action of pyrethrum-based formulations against grain weevils175-181&International Journal of Pharmaceutics2561-2Npyrethrum gamma-cyclodextrin insecticide grain weevil in vivo study pesticidesApr 30YPyrethrum extract, containing six insecticidal esters, has a long history of successful application in the control of stored products. Its low environmental hazard makes it an ideal pesticide for outdoor pre-harvest treatment. However the disadvantage of its low light stability then becomes apparent. This drawback can be overcome by the complexation of pyrethrum extract with gamma-cyclodextrin. Primary object of the conducted studies was to investigate the effect of complexation upon the insecticidal action against the grain weevil, an important storage pest in temperate climates. To slow down the quick metabolism of pyrethrum by the insects' microsomal system synergistic substances are added. Additional to the already well-known piperonyl butoxide two natural synergists, sesamol and tocopherol acetate, were combined with pyrethrum extract to investigate their synergistic activity. A complex of pyrethrum with gamma-cyclodextrin, with piperonyl butoxide as synergist, has a slightly enhanced action compared to a commercial product, which contained pyrethrum in its free form. Sesamol and tocopherol acetate also display a synergistic action, but to a much smaller degree, even if applied in larger amounts. The optimal concentration of pyrethrum was found to be 0.3% combined with 3% piperonyl butoxide. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000182692400020-675KB Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:13 0378-5173ISI:000182692400020,Viernstein, H Univ Vienna, Inst Pharmaceut Technol & Biopharmaceut, Ctr Pharm, Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Pharmaceut Technol & Biopharmaceut, Ctr Pharm, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Fed Off & Res Ctr Agr, A-1220 Vienna, Austria F Joh Kwizda GmbH, Div Agr, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaEnglish |7.Diel, F. Horr, B. Borck, H. Irman-Florjanc, T.2003tPyrethroid insecticides influence the signal transduction in T helper lymphocytes from atopic and nonatopic subjects154-163Inflammation Research524pyrethroids il-4 ifn-gamma-histamine signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) gamma ifn-gamma in-vitro interferon-gamma mononuclear-cells transcriptional responses piperonyl-butoxide gene-expression histamine cytokine receptorAprObjective and design: Pyrethroids are claimed to have a low human toxicity with some neuro- and immunotoxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunotoxicological properties of six commercially used pyrethroids, including natural pyrethrum and synergist piperonyl-butoxide (PBO). Material and methods: PHA-stimulated cultures of T-helper lymphocytes and blood basophil incubates from nonatopic and atopic patients (IgE > 1000 IU) provided cytokine and histamine determination. Western blot analysis was used for the measurement of Th2-specific signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6). Pyrethroids and xenobiotics were added 4 h post-plating. Results: We demonstrated that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and expression was correlated with lymphocyte proliferation, however, interleukin-4 (IL-4) was down-regulated at the end of the 3 day culture. Atopics showed significantly higher IL-4 activity than nonatopics. Pyrethroids inhibited IFN-gamma and IL-4 in both groups at around 10(-5) M. Only fenvalerate and S-bioallethrin combined with 10-fold PBO in the atopic-enriched blood basophil incubates caused a weak but significant increase in histamine release. Histamine acted bidirectionally on STAT6, but pyrethroids inhibited the intracellular Th2-specific STAT6 more effectively in atopics than in nonatopics. Conclusion: It can be suggested that pyrethroids inhibit signal transduction in human lymphocytes ex vivo, and do not act via lymphocyte-influencing histamine release.://000182738200003.676EJ Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:40 1023-3830ISI:000182738200003Diel, F IUG, Marquardstr 35, D-36039 Fulda, Germany IUG, D-36039 Fulda, Germany Univ Appl Sci FH Fulda, D-36039 Fulda, Germany Univ Ljubljana, Inst Pharmacol & Expt Toxicol, Ljubljana, SloveniaEnglish9|72Kiriamiti, H. Camy, S. Gourdon, C. Condoret, J. S.2003GSupercritical carbon dioxide processing of pyrethrum oleoresin and pale880-884*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry514[supercritical carbon dioxide pyrethrin extraction oleoresin pale pyrethrum fluid extractionFeb 12Possible refining of crude hexane extract (CHE) from pyrethrum flowers and further refining of Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK) pale product is investigated with both liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. The experiments were carried out in a small pilot plant with a 200 mL extractor and three cyclonic separators in series. To understand the dynamics of pyrethrin extraction, CHE was extracted in a single step; pyrethrin concentration was found to be improved from 0.16 to 0.50 g/g. The effects of temperature and pressure on the quality of the extract were studied at 29 degreesC and 80 bar and at 40 degreesC and 100 bar. Liquid CO2 processing (29 degreesC, 80 bar) yielded slightly better product quality. A comparison study of CH E and PBK pale processing with supercritical CO2 (40 degreesC, 100 bar) showed that the final products were similar in terms of pyrethrin content. Extraction of both PBK pale and CHE in two steps with different operating conditions improved their purity.://000182533200009,672QR Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:8 0021-8561ISI:000182533200009Condoret, JS CNRS, Lab Genie Chim, UMR 5503, 5 Rue Paulin Talabot,BP 1301, F-31106 Toulouse 1, France CNRS, Lab Genie Chim, UMR 5503, F-31106 Toulouse 1, FranceEnglishW|7)Hadis, M. Lulu, M. Mekonnen, Y. Asfaw, T.2003tField trials on the repellent activity of four plant products against mainly Mansonia population in western Ethiopia202-205Phytotherapy Research1730eucalyptus-based repellent insect repellents oilMar>The repellent activity of essential oils of lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus maculata citrodion), rue (Ruta chalepensis), oleoresin of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and neem (Azadiracta indica) have been field tested as 40%, 50% and 75% solutions in coconut oil against populations of mosquitoes consisting mainly of Mansonia in Gambella., western Ethiopia. A latin square design was used to randomize the test subjects for possible individual differences for mosquito attraction. Repellency was evaluated as the percentage protection. Deet was included in the study for comparison. All the plant products manifested repellency. At 50% concentration at which the highest repellency was recorded the protection was 91.6%, 87.0%, 96.0%, 97.9% for rue, neem, pyrethrum and deet, respectively. The essential oil of lemon eucalyptus was not tried at this concentration. At a 40% concentration deet, lemon eucalyptus and pyrethrum were significantly (p < 0.05) more effective than rue and neem. At a 50% concentration, deet and pyrethrum were significantly better (p < 0.05) than rue and neem. At a 75% concentration concentration, deet and lemon eucalypus performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than pyrethrum and neem. The difference between pyrethrum and neem was also significant (p < 0.01). Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.://000181973000002-662WX Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:17 0951-418XISI:000181973000002~Hadis, M Ethiopian Hlth & Nutr Res Inst, POB 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ethiopian Hlth & Nutr Res Inst, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEnglish |7rVictor, T. J. Malathi, M. Gurusamy, D. Desai, A. Ravi, V. Narayanasamy, G. Anuradha, L. Rani, C. Krishnamurthy, P.2002KDengue fever outbreaks in two villages of Dharmapuri district in Tamil Nadu133-139"Indian Journal of Medical Research116dengue fever outbreaks igm antibody capture elisa indirect immunofluorescent assay japanese encephalitis hemorrhagic-fever indiaOct Background & objectives: Dengue fever is an important public health problem in India. In recent years this disease has extended to rural-areas also due to rapid urbanization. In Tamil Nadu, fever outbreaks were reported in two villages of Dharmapuri district during May and September 2001 with clinical symptoms suggestive of dengue fever. Epidemiological, virological and entomological investigations were carried out in these two villages to ascertain the etiology of the outbreaks. Methods: Paired serum samples were collected from febrile patients clinically suspected to have dengue and were tested for the presence of IgM antibodies to dengue virus by MAC ELISA. Samples were also tested by Dengue Duo IgM/IgG rapid strip. Surveys of larval an adult Aedes mosquitoes were carried out before and after anti-larval and anti-adult measures were implemented. Female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected in Mampatti village were tested individually for the presence of dengue-2 viral antigen by indirect immunofluoresence assay (IIFA). In addition, two pools of female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were tested for the presence of dengue viral antigen by ELISA and: then subjected to Toxo-IFA system for demonstration of dengue virus. Results: A total of 124 and 267 fever cases with clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of dengue were reported in Kadumuchandiram and Mampatti villages of Dharmapuri district, respectively. Serodiagnosis revealed that 13 of 31 and 14 of 52 patients tested were positive for dengue-2 virus by MAC ELISA in Kadumuchandiram and Mampatti villages respectively. Dengue Duo rapid strip test also detected 14 (of 31 tested) patients positive for dengue virus specific IgM antibodies in Kadumuchandiram village and 8 (of 12 tested) in Mampatti village. Application of temephos and fogging with pyrethrum 2 per cent extract were found to be effective :igainst immatures and adults respectively. Both the pools of Ae. aegypti tested for the presence of dengue viral antigen were positive by ELISA and one mosquito (tested individually) was positive by IIFA. Supernatants of two pools were found to be positive for dengue-2 virus by Toxo-IFA. Interpretation & conclusion: Virological and serological investigations confirmed that the outbreak's of fever were due to dengue virus infection. High breeding of Ae. aegypti in the study villages, detection of dengue-2 viral antigen and isolation of dengue-2 virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes confirmed the etiology.://000181568400002-655TH Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:19 0971-5916ISI:0001815684000026Victor, TJ Inst Vector Control & Zoonoses, 150 Sipcot Complex, Hosur 635126, India Inst Vector Control & Zoonoses, Hosur 635126, India NIMHANS, Dept Neurovirol, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Hlth Serv, Krishnagiri, India Hlth Serv, Dharmapuri, India Directorate Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Madras, Tamil Nadu, IndiaEnglish |7*Axelrad, J. C. Howard, C. V. McLean, W. G.2003^The effects of acute pesticide exposure on neuroblastoma cells chronically exposed to diazinon67-78 Toxicology1851-2organophosphate neurotoxicity in vitro neurite pesticide nerve growth-factor in-vitro neurite outgrowth pc12 cells acetylcholinesterase neurotoxicity mouse organophosphates chlorpyrifos ratsMar 14~Speculation about potential neurotoxicity due to chronic exposure to low doses of organophosphate (OP) pesticides is not yet supported by experimental evidence. The objective of this work was to use a cell culture model of chronic OP exposure to determine if such exposure can alter the sensitivity of nerve cells to subsequent acute exposure to OPs or other compounds. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were grown in the presence of 25 muM diazinon for 8 weeks. The OP was then withdrawn and the cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of various other pesticides or herbicides, including OPs and OP-containing formulations. The resulting outgrowth of neurite-like structures was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis and the IC50 for each OP or formulation was calculated. The IC50 values in diazinon-pre-exposed cells were compared with the equivalent values in cells not pre-exposed to diazinon. The IC50 for inhibition of neurite outgrowth by acute application of diazinon, pyrethrum, glyphosate or a commercial formulation of glyphosate was decreased by between 20 and 90% after pre-treatment with diazinon. In contrast, the IC50 for pirimiphos methyl was unaffected and those for phosmet or chlorpyrifos were increased by between 1.5- and 3-fold. Treatment of cells with chlorpyrifos or with a second glyphosate-containing formulation led to the formation of abnormal neurite-like structures in diazinon-pre-exposed cells. The data support the view that chronic exposure to an OP may reduce the threshold for toxicity of some, but by no means all, environmental agents. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000180973000008.645JT Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:47 0300-483XISI:000180973000008-McLean, WG Univ Liverpool, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Sherrington Bldg, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Dept Human Anat & Cell Biol, Dev Toxicopathol Unit, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, EnglandEnglish|7%Waceke, J. W. Waudo, S. W. Sikora, R.2002Effect of inorganic phosphatic fertilizers on the efficacy of an arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus against a root-knot nematode on pyrethrum307-313(International Journal of Pest Management484glomus sp. meloidogyne hapla inorganic phosphatic fertilizers root-knot nematode pyrethrum plant-growth responses glomus-fasciculatum gigaspora-calospora vam-fungi phosphorus infection colonization inhibition soilOct-DecCEffects of triple super phosphate (TSP) and single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizers on efficacy of a Glomus sp. (isolate KS 14) against Meloidogyne hapla were determined. The fertilizers were applied at 150 and 300 kg ha(-1) at the time of fungus inoculation. Two months later, plants were inoculated with the nematodes. Plant growth and nematode disease parameters were determined 2 months after nematode inoculation. The fertilizers at both levels improved plant growth in all treatments. In general, the fungus improved plant growth on its own or in the presence of nematodes, but not in the presence of fertilizers. Both fertilizers at both levels were more effective in improving plant growth than the fungus. The fungus showed sensitivity to inorganic P fertilizers in that the fertilizers significantly reduced fungal root colonization and its pyrethrum growth stimulative effects. The fungus suppressed nematode disease severity unlike the fertilizers. The suppressive effects of the fungus on the nematodes were in most cases reduced by the fertilizers. The nematodes, unlike the fertilizers, did not have any significant effects on root colonization by the fungus or on its ability to improve pyrethrum growth. The presence of nematodes in fertilizer or fertilizer-fungus-treated plants, however, significantly reduced pyrethrum growth.://000179695400007-623GR Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:40 0967-0874ISI:000179695400007eWaceke, JW Kenyatta Univ, Dept Bot, POB 43844, Nairobi, Kenya Kenyatta Univ, Dept Bot, Nairobi, KenyaEnglish|7@Brem, B. Seger, C. Pacher, T. Hofer, O. Vajrodaya, S. Greger, H.2002fFeeding deterrence and contact toxicity of Stemona alkaloids - A source of potent natural insecticides 6383-6388*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry5022pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine alkaloids didehydrostemofoline stemofoline 2 '-hydroxystemofoline tuberostemonine sternonaceae stemona collinsae stemona tuberosa insecticidal activity antifeedant repellent contact toxicity spodoptera littoralis asparagus-racemosus rocaglamide japonicaOct 23On the basis of chronic feeding bioassays with neonate larvae of Spodoptera littoralis reared on an artificial diet, the methanolic leaf and root extracts from Stemona collinsae displayed very high insect toxicity compared to those of two Aglaia species, a commercial Pyrethrum extract, and azadirachtin, whereas S. tuberosa extracts demonstrated low activity in roots and no activity in leaves. Beyond that, in leaf disk choice tests against fifth instar larvae, S. collinsae showed strong antifeedant activity, whereas S. tuberosa was characterized by remarkable repellency. The anti-insect properties of both species were based on pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine alkaloids, from which didehydrosternofoline (asparagamine A) was the major compound of the roots of S. collinsae, exhibiting the highest toxicity in feeding assays. Saturation and hydroxylation of the side chain in the co-occurring stemofoline and 2'-hydroxystemofoline, respectively, led to an increasing loss of activity. Contact toxicity tests with stemofoline and didehydrosternofoline exhibited even higher activities than those of Pyrethrum extract. Tuberostemonine was the dominating alkaloid in the roots of S. tuberosa, showing outstanding repellency but no toxic effects.://000178668600022.605GE Times Cited:39 Cited References Count:35 0021-8561ISI:000178668600022!Greger, H Univ Vienna, Inst Bot, Comparat & Ecol Phytochem Dept, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Bot, Comparat & Ecol Phytochem Dept, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Organ Chem, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Kasetsart Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Bangkok 10900, ThailandEnglish|7(Lothrop, H. D. Lothrop, B. Reisen, I. K.2002oNocturnal microhabitat distribution of adult Culex tarsalis (Diptera : Culicidae) impacts control effectiveness574-582Journal of Medical Entomology394culex microdistribution ultra low volume pyrethrum adult control non-attractant traps kern county california mosquitos valley trapsJulSuction traps (30 cm diameter) were more effective for non-attractant sampling of flying adult Culex tarsalis Coquillett than were smaller CDC (5.5 cm diameter), Malaise or ramp traps. Comparative catch in suction traps operated in a variety of vegetation types indicated that females congregated along elevated ecotones and were significantly less abundant flying over low vegetation or under and over elevated vegetation. Most females taken at upland orchards or Tamarisk tree lines were unfed (97%, n = 5,278) and similar in reproductive condition to host-seeking females. Blood fed and gravid females and males were only abundant near emergence sites. Pyrocide 7396 (Pyrethrin 5%, PBO 25%) was applied at the label rate of 5 oz/min by truck mounted Pro-Mist ultra low volume (ULV) equipment and particle drift measured by bioassay. ULV particles dispersed well downwind over low vegetation, between citrus orchard rows, and under date orchard canopy, but did not penetrate citrus orchards or vineyards when rows were perpendicular to wind direction. Particles did move up and over vegetation contacting sentinel mosquitoes placed above the canopy. The congregation of adult mosquitoes at vegetative ecotones and within orchard vegetation may afford protection from ground applied ULV particles, negatively impacting control. These data may explain why repeated applications often fail to interrupt encephalitis virus transmission.://000178372000004-600CA Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:24 0022-2585ISI:000178372000004Reisen, IK Arbovirus Field Stn, 4705 Allen Rd, Bakersfield, CA 93312 USA Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Vector Borne Dis Res, Davis, CA 95616 USAEnglish%|7 El-Shazly, A. Dorai, G. Wink, M.2002Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and hexane-ether extract of Tanacetum santolinoides (DC.) Feinbr. and Fertig620-6239Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences577-8ltanacetum santolinoides essential oil composition n-hexane-ether extract composition pyrethrum-santolinoidesJul-Aug_The essential oil of the aerial parts of Tanacetum santolinoides was analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. Altogether 30 components were identified. The main constituents were thymol (18%), traps-thujone (17.5%), traps-chrysanthenyl acetate (13.2%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.2%), umbellulone (9.7%) and 1,8-cineole (4.7%). Similar essential oil pattern in addition to palmitic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol and two flavonoidal aglycons were found in the n-hexane-ether extract. The oil showed strong in vitro activity against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans.://000178355500012.599VH Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:20 0939-5075ISI:000178355500012Wink, M Inst Pharmazeut Biol, Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Inst Pharmazeut Biol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Zagazig Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Zagazig, EgyptEnglish|7Antonio-Nkondjio, C. Awono-Ambene, P. Toto, J. C. Meunier, J. Y. Zebaze-Kemleu, S. Nyambam, R. Wondji, C. S. Tchuinkam, T. Fontenille, D.2002_High malaria transmission intensity in a village close to Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon350-355Journal of Medical Entomology392anopheles gambiae anopheles funestus anopheles moucheti anopheles nili malaria anopheline linked-immunosorbent-assay southern cameroon rice-fields identification mosquitos area culicidae diptera elisa urbanMarA 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, in the village of Simbock, approximate to2 km from the city limits. This study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. Anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. Malaria vectors were Anopheles funestus Giles, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles (M and S forms), Anopheles moucheti Evans, and Anopheles nili Theobald. An. moucheti was the most abundant mosquito captured during the study, accounting for >54% of total anophelines caught. The annual Plasmodium falciparum Welch entomological inoculation rates measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were 277 infected bites per human for the first year and 368 for the second year. An. gambiae s.s., An.funestus, An. moucheti, and An. nili were responsible for 23.8%, 26.8%, 39.2%, and 10.2% of malaria transmission, respectively. Malaria transmission is perennial throughout the year. All these vectors were highly anthropophagous because only two out of 566 mosquitoes blood-meal tested were not taken on humans.://000178371700013.600BX Times Cited:18 Cited References Count:29 0022-2585ISI:000178371700013zAntonio-Nkondjio, C Inst Rech Dev, POB 1857, Yaounde, Cameroon Org Coordinat Lutte Endemie Afrique Cent, Yaounde, CameroonEnglish N|7Bossard, R. L. Broce, A. B.2002Evaluation of glass, nylon fabric and filter paper as substrates in insecticide bioassays of cat fleas (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae)182-192 Journal of Entomological Science372wctenocephalides felis bioassay substrate efficacy insecticide resistance nylon resistance susceptibility surfaces felisAprFour bioassays for use in detecting and measuring insecticide resistance in newly-emerged, unfed adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were evaluated: horizontal glass, horizontal Nylon 6,6 fabric disk, horizontal cellulose filter paper disk, and vertical cellulose filter paper strip (WHO bioassay). Each bioassay was evaluated using five insecticides: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, malathlon, permethrin, and pyrethrum. LC(50)s, LC(90)s, probit line slopes, and slope standard errors were compared. The LC(50)s on glass were lower than those obtained with the other substrates. This difference was at least an order of magnitude with carbaryl, Talathion, permethrin, and pyrethrum. The paper disk and paper strip bioassays produced the highest LC(50)s and LC(90)s, for fleas treated with carbaryl, malathion, and pyrethrum. With chlorpyrifos and permethrin, the paper strip resulted in the highest LC(50)s. The nylon disk tended to produce LC(50)s intermediate between glass and filter paper. On glass, chlorpyrifos generated higher LC(50)s (2.00 mg[Al]/m(2)) than permethrin (0,927 mg[Al]/m(2)) or pyrethrum (0.913 mg[Al]/m(2)), yet on the paper strip was lower (65 mg[Al]/m(2)) than permethrin (214 mg[A]/m(2)) or pyrethrum (4-66 mg[Al]/m(2)). Overall, probit line slopes were highest for glass and WHO. Standard errors of the slope were not significantly different among bioassays. Although nylon disk assay possibly simulates chemical-substrate interactions on carpet, which is a common substrate where cat fleas occur, no single substrate gave acceptably precise probit lines for all chemicals tested, and chemical efficacy depended on the substrate used. Chemical-substrate interactions confound detection of insecticide resistance and chemical efficacy.://000177412900006-583NA Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:22 0749-8004ISI:000177412900006{Broce, AB Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USAEnglishQ|7:Cornel, A. J. Stanich, M. A. McAbee, R. D. Mulligan, F. S.2002iHigh level methoprene resistance in the mosquito Ochlerotatus nigromaculis (Ludlow) in Central California791-798Pest Management Science588smethoprene tolerance ochlerotatus nigromaculis igr bti resistance management juvenile-hormone regulators drosophilaAug^In the summer of 1998, failures of methoprene field applications to control the mosquito Ochlerotatus nigromaculis (Ludlow) were noticed in several pastures in the outskirts of Fresno, California, USA. Effective control with methoprene had been achieved for over 20 years prior to this discovery. Susceptibility tests indicated that the Fresno Oc nigromaculis populations had developed several thousand-fold higher LC50 and LC90 tolerance levels to methoprene compared with methoprene-naive populations. The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), SSS-tributyl phosphorotrithioate and 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone had little synergistic effect, suggesting that the mechanism of methoprene tolerance was not mediated by P450 monooxygenase or carboxylesterase enzyme degradation. As part of initiating a resistance management strategy, partial reversion back to methoprene susceptibility was achieved in a resistant population after six consecutive applications of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Goldberg & Marga coupled with two oil and two pyrethrum+PBO applications. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.://000177035400006.576YU Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:20 1526-498XISI:000177035400006 Cornel, AJ Univ Calif Davis, Mosquito Control Res Lab, Kearney Agr Field Stn, 9240 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA Univ Calif Davis, Mosquito Control Res Lab, Kearney Agr Field Stn, Parlier, CA 93648 USA Consolidated Mosquito Abatement Dist, Selma, CA 93662 USAEnglishp|7=Dia, I. Lochouarn, L. Diatta, M. Sokhna, C. S. Fontenille, D.2002Comparison of two collection methods for sampling Anopheles funestus Giles populations in a Sudanese savannah village (Dielmo, Senegal)124-126-Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique952Ssampling method an. funestus dielmo senegal sub-saharan africa light-trap mosquitosJunWe conducted a comparative study of two collection methods for sampling An. funestus populations - human bait catch and indoor pyrethrum spray - in the Sudanese savannah area of Senegal from April 1996 to March 1997. An. funestus females were captured every month during the study period, The resting density per dwelling was 1.9 times higher than those obtained with human landing catch. The population dynamics were similar with two pics situated respectively at the beginning of the rainy season between May-July and during the dry season January-March. A significant correlation of population densities between collection methods was detected.://000176713600018-571JE Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:10 0037-9085ISI:000176713600018Dia, I Inst Pasteur, Lab IRD Entomol Med, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal Inst Pasteur, Lab IRD Entomol Med, Dakar, Senegal Lab IRD Paludol, Dakar, Senegal Org Cooperat & Coordinat Lutte Contre Endemies Afr, Lab IRD Entomol Med, Yaounde, CameroonFrench|7Romdhane, M. Gourdon, C.2002AInvestigation in solid-liquid extraction: influence of ultrasound11-19Chemical Engineering Journal871Oultrasound solid-liquid extraction extractor woad seeds pyrethrum flower sensorMay 28zThe extraction of active principles or oils from vegetable products by means of an appropriate solvent is a classical unit operation in chemical engineering. The aim of the present work is to improve the yield or the selectivity of the extraction using ultrasound. Two solid-liquid extractions have been investigated: pyrethrines from pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cineraria) and oil from woad seeds (Isatis tinetoria). In the case of the first one, an acceleration of the kinetics and of the yield of the extraction has been obtained, probably linked to the increase of the intraparticular diffusion of the solute, which is the limiting step of mass transfer. On the other hand, ultrasound seems to have a weak effect in the case of woad seeds, probably because of the structure of the seeds. In order to distinguish the various effects acting on the ultrasound activation, a thermoelectric probe has been built for measuring the ultrasonic intensity profile. By this method, it is possible to investigate the influence of the presence of solid particles on the ultrasound wave propagation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000176014200002.559FD Times Cited:41 Cited References Count:16 1385-8947ISI:000176014200002Romdhane, M Ecole Natl Ingenieurs Gabes, Route Medenine, Gabes 6029, Tunisia Ecole Natl Ingenieurs Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia Ecole Natl Super Ingenieurs Genie Chim, F-31078 Toulouse, FranceEnglish `|7*Axelrad, J. C. Howard, C. V. McLean, W. G.2002jInteractions between pesticides and components of pesticide formulations in an in vitro neurotoxicity test259-268 Toxicology1733organophosphate neurotoxicity in vitro neurite pesticide axon-like processes in-vitro neuroblastoma-cells neurite outgrowth artemisinin derivatives pyridostigmine bromide tricresyl phosphate mouse n2a rats chlorpyrifosMay 1Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are often used in combination with one another and with the components of formulations. Evidence already exists for interactions in the neurotoxic effects of OPs through interference with metabolism, but there is also potential for interactions related directly to cell damage. The purpose of this work was to investigate this possibility for OPs and the components of one of their common formulations in vitro. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of the OPs diazinon and chlorpyrifos, in combination with a commercial formulation (identified as Commercial Formulation 1) of the compounds and, independently, the components of that formulation. The compounds were tested in pairs in various proportions and the resulting inhibition of neurite outgrowth was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Interactions were determined in terms of enhanced or reduced effects of the paired compounds in comparison with the expected additive effects estimated from the effects of each compound on its Own. Synergism was detected between combinations of: 10 muM chlorpyrifos and 500 nM pyrethrum: chlorprifos and one of the solvents (regular spirit) found in Commercial Formulation 1. All other combinations of OPs and products were additive in their neurotoxicity. The data suggest that exposure to multiple OP-containing pesticide formulations may lead to synergistic neurotoxicity by a direct mechanism at the cellular level. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.://000175624000007.552MK Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:42 0300-483XISI:000175624000007McLean, WG Univ Liverpool, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Sherrington Bldg, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, England Univ Liverpool, Dept Human Anat & Cell Biol, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, EnglandEnglish8|7ASimmonds, M. S. J. Manlove, J. D. Blaney, W. M. Khambay, B. P. S.2002Effects of selected botanical insecticides on the behaviour and mortality of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa39-47'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata1021encarsia formosa calceolaria andina azadirachtin naphthoquinone neem trialeurodes vaporariorum pyrethrum azadirachtin aphelinidae aleyrodidae hymenoptera greenhouses pesticides homopteraJanToxicity and behavioural bioassays were used to assess the lethal and sub-lethal effects of two naphthoquinones from the Chilean plant Calceolaria andina L. (Scrophulariaceae), two products derived from Azadirachta indica and pyrethrum on the glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan. The potential use of these botanicals in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme is discussed. Pyrethrum was the most toxic botanical tested, but it was toxic to both the whitefly and parasitoid. The naphthoquinones showed potential for inclusion into an IPM programme if, by formulation, the toxicity towards the whitefly could be increased and the deterrent activity towards E. formosa adults decreased. Overall, the A. indica-derived products had the most potential for use in an IPM system for the control of whitefly, which includes E. formosa as a biocontrol agent.://000175092400005-543GE Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:17 0013-8703ISI:000175092400005$Simmonds, MSJ Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England IACR Rothamsted, Biol & Ecol Chem Dept, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, EnglandEnglish|7 Keskitalo, M.2001\Can protoplast production from in vitro cultured shoots of Tanacetum vary during the season?145-151(Agricultural and Food Science in Finland103light morphogenesis protoplasts pyrethrum sugars tanacetum cinerariifolium (trevir.) schiltz-bip tanacetum vulgare l. tansy tissue culture helianthus-annuus l plant-regeneration callus formation cell-walls light coleoptiles inhibition tansy genesTwo different experiments were carried out to study the production of protoplasts and the variation of protoplast yield from in vitro cultured shoot tips of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) and pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Schiltz-Bip). In the first experiment, light had more pronouced effect for tansy than for pyrethrum. When the donor tissues of tansy were cultured under high light intensity the leaves contained anthocyanin and became brown during enzyme maceration. In contrast, donor tissues cultured under low light intensity produced leaves without anthocyanin. Depending on the light intensity of donor tissues, on average 5.8-6.8 x 10(6) and 3.4-4.3 x 10(6) protoplasts were isolated from one gram of mesophyll leaves of tansy and pyrethrum, respectively. In the second experiment, the production of protoplasts from tansy and pyrethrum varied seasonally. The most successful season for the production of protoplasts from in vitro cultured shoot tips was between December and April, when also the highest number of protoplasts could be isolated. It was not possible to state whether Tanacetum species have rhythms, which could cause, physiological or chemical changes for the in vitro grown shoot tips. However, some external or internal, possible seasonal-dependent stimuli may have caused variation in the number of protoplasts isolated from tansy and pyrethrum and favoured protoplast production during winter and spring.://000174435500002-531UK Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:26 1239-0992ISI:000174435500002Keskitalo, M MTT Agrifood Res Finland, Plant Product Res, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland MTT Agrifood Res Finland, Plant Product Res, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, FinlandEnglish j|7Sanchez, B. C. Parmenter, R. R.2002Patterns of shrub-dwelling arthropod diversity across a desert shrubland-grassland ecotone: a test of island biogeographic theory247-265Journal of Arid Environments502island biogeography creosotebush larrea tridentata arthropoda insular biogeography creosotebush foliage canopy arthropods forest mammals fragmentation colonization immigration extinction southwest habitatFeb This study tested the applicability of Island Biogeographic Theory to arthropod assemblages on 'islands' of creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) across a desert shrubland-grassland ecotone in central New Mexico, U.S.A. We assumed that herbivorous arthropod taxa that specialize on creosotebush view these shrubs as 'islands' of suitable habitat in a 'sea' of grassland, and used the Island Biogeographic Theory to examine the observed plant and arthropod patterns. Specifically, we addressed predictions concerning the relationship among arthropod species richness and (1) shrub 'island' area, (2) distance between 'island' and 'continent', and (3) 'island' isolation. Using a pyrethrum insecticide, we defaunated 36 shrubs within three ecotonal areas (12 shrubs per area), defined as 'continental' (high shrub density), 'archipelago' (medium shrub density, close to the 'continent'), and 'oceanic' (low shrub density, far from the 'continent'). We assessed the initial arthropod distribution and then repeated the defaunation after two weeks to assess immigration patterns. The arthropods from both samples were catalogued and related to 'island area' (shrub volume), 'island' distance from the defined 'continent', and 'island' isolation (density). We found that in the initial sample, specialist herbivore species richness was (1) positively related to shrub volume, (2) negatively related to shrub distance from the 'continent', but (3) not significantly related to shrub density. Following the recolonization period, we found that specialist herbivore species richness was again significantly positively related to shrub volume, but was not significantly related to shrub distance from the 'continent' or to shrub density. We also examined the relationship between generalist predator arthropod (spiders and mantids) populations and shrub 'island' characteristics as well as specialist prey abundances on the shrubs. We found that predator abundances on individual shrubs were positively related to shrub volume prior to and following defaunation, negatively related to shrub density both initially and following recolonization, and positively related to the architectural complexity of host shrubs initially. We also found that predator population sizes on shrubs were positively correlated with abundances of specialist prey species. We concluded that our model conformed fully to the species richness-island area and species richness-island distance relationships of Island Biogeographic Theory, but only in part to the species richness-island isolation relationship. We also found that species-specific dispersal ability was a critical factor with regard to the observed species distribution patterns. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.://000174107300004.526AY Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:36 0140-1963ISI:000174107300004wSanchez, BC Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USAEnglishV|7YSalehzadeh, A. Jabbar, A. Jennens, L. Ley, S. V. Annadurai, R. S. Adams, R. Strang, R. H.2002cThe effects of phytochemical pesticides on the growth of cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells268-276Pest Management Science583nphytochemical pesticides neem azadirachtin rotenone nicotine pyrethrum cytotoxicity azadirachtin proliferationMarA range of cultured cells of invertebrate and vertebrate origin was grown in the presence of a number of phytochemical pesticides to test the effect of the latter on cell proliferation. The main observation was that azadirachtin was a potent inhibitor of insect cell replication, with an EC50 of 1.5 x 10 M-10 against Spodoptera cells and of 6.3 x 10 M-9 against Aedes albopictus cells, whilst affecting mammalian cells only at high concentrations (>10 M-4). As expected, the other phytochemical pesticides, except for rotenone, had little effect on the growth of the cultured cells. Rotenone was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of insect cells (EC50 :10 M-8) but slightly less toxic towards mammalian cells (EC50:2 x 10 M-7). Neem terpenoids other than azadirachtin and those very similar in structure significantly inhibited growth of the cell cultures, but to a lesser degree. The major neem seed terpenoids, nimbin and salannin, for example, inhibited insect cell growth by 23% and 15%, respectively. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.://000174079600007.525PF Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:26 1526-498XISI:000174079600007>Strang, RH Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland Univ Cambridge, Dept Organ Chem, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England Vittal Mallaya Sci Res Fdn, Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaEnglish |7AAwolola, T. S. Okwa, O. Hunt, R. H. Ogunrinade, A. F. Coetzee, M.2002RDynamics of the malaria-vector populations in coastal Lagos, south-western Nigeria75-82,Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology961anopheles-gambiae complex linked immunosorbent-assay polymerase chain-reaction sudan savanna area plasmodium-falciparum transmission arabiensis culicidae diptera identificationJan-An entomological study was carried out in coastal Lagos, south-western Nigeria, to explore the role of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. moucheti in the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in this holo-endemic area. Mosquitoes were caught, on human bait at night and by pyrethrum-spray catches during the day, twice a month throughout 2000, Of the 1812 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, An. gambiae s,l., the predominant vector species, represented 78.7% while the other 21.3% were An. moucheti. The results of a PCR-based test identified 56.8% of the mosquitoes of the An. gambiae complex collected as An. gambiae s.s., 36.9% as An. melas and 6.3% as An. arabiensis. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was predominantly recorded in the wet season, biting females being collected from May to October, with a peak in July. Anopheles melas and An. moucheti were present throughout the yearlong study whereas An. arabiensis was mainly found in the dry season. The results of ELISA-based analyses of bloodmeals indicated that An. gambiae s.s., An. melas and An. moucheti were predominantly anthropophagic whereas An. arabiensis was largely zoophagic. Among all of the females investigated, 3.6% of the An. gambiae s.s., 1.9% of the An. melas, 1.8% of the An. moucheti and 0% of the An. arabiensis were found to be infected with P. falciparum (i.e. carrying the parasite's circumsporozoite antigen). The corresponding proportions for the females collected during the dry season were 1.3%, 2.3%, 2.7% and 0%. The entomological inoculation rates for An. melas and An. moucheti were significantly higher during the dry season than at other times of the year. Taken together, these results indicate that An. melas and An. moucheti maintain transmission of P. falciparum during the dry season, while the biting population of An. gambiae s.s. is relatively small.://000174028900010.524TL Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:39 0003-4983ISI:000174028900010Awolola, TS S African Inst Med Res, Dept Med Entomol, POB 1038, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa Nigerian Inst Med Res, Publ Hlth Div, Lagos, Nigeria S African Inst Med Res, Sch Pathol, Dept Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Anim Plant & Environm Sci, Johannesburg, South Africa Lagos State Univ, Dept Zool, Lagos, Nigeria Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Johannesburg, South AfricaEnglishp|72Khambay, B. P. S. Beddie, D. G. Simmonds, M. S. J.2002fAn insecticidal mixture of tetramethylcyclohexenedione isomers from Kunzea ambigua and Kunzea baxterii69-71Phytochemistry591Bmyrtaceae kunzea tetramethylcyclohexenedione flavanone insecticideJanA mixture of isomers, all 4-[1-(5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxo-2-phenyl-chroman-8-yl)-3-methyl-butyl]-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-cyclohex-4-en-1,3-diones, which comprises a pair of epimers, each of which is a pair of conformers, has been isolated from the hexane extract of the aerial parts of Kunzea ambigua and K. buxterii (Myrtaceae). The mixture exhibits moderate insecticidal activity in comparison with natural pyrethrum extract. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000173383500009,513MZ Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:9 0031-9422ISI:000173383500009Khambay, BPS AFRC, Inst Arable Crops Res, Biol Chem Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England AFRC, Inst Arable Crops Res, Biol Chem Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, EnglandEnglishI|79Marques, M. I. Adis, J. da Cunha, C. N. dos Santos, G. B.2001vArthropod biodiversity in the canopy of Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae), a forest dominant in the Brazilian Pantanal205-210,Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment363pyrethrum insecticide pyrethrum knockdown floodplains abundance arthropods pantanal lowland rain-forest insect herbivores tropical tree communities arboreal abundance richness faunaDecoThe canopy of an invasive tree species in the Pantanal floodplains, Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae; height 12 m) was sprayed once with 5% synthetic pyrethrum during the dry, non-flooded season near Pocone, Mato Grosso. About 4200 arthropods collected (43.7 ind./m(2)) represented 14 orders. The Hymenoptera dominated (21.4 ind./m(2); Mostly ants), followed by Coleoptera, Araneae and Diptera (85% of the total catch). Of the 26 Coleoptera families (6.2 ind./m(2)) the Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Elateridae and Dryopidae were most abundant (70% of the total catch), and on trophic level the herbivores dominated (42%). This is the first quantitative canopy study of a tree species in the northern Pantanal floodplains. The type of data needed on arthropods from tree canopies in future studies to aid in the management and conservation of Pantanal floodplains is discussed.://000172796800005-503KC Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:50 0165-0521ISI:000172796800005Adis, J Max Planck Inst Limnol, Trop Ecol Working Grp, Postfach 165, D-24302 Plon, Germany Fed Univ Mato Grosso, Dept Biol & Zool, Cuiaba, BrazilEnglish|7Essig, K. Zhao, Z. M.2001kMethod development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for pyrethrum extract473-480"Journal of Chromatographic Science3911formulations hplcNov://000172034700005-490DG Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:20 0021-9665ISI:000172034700005xEssig, K Aventis Environm Sci, 95 Chestnut Ridge Rd, Montvale, NJ 07645 USA Aventis Environm Sci, Montvale, NJ 07645 USAEnglish!|7,Bicchi, C. Brunelli, C. Galli, M. Sironi, A.2001Conventional inner diameter short capillary columns: an approach to speeding up gas chromatographic analysis of medium complexity samples129-140Journal of Chromatography A9311-2\fast analysis short columns column diameter essential oils triterpenes pyrethrins pyrethrinsOct 5LShort capillary columns (5 m) with 0.25 mm inner diameter (I.D.) are applied to the GC analysis of medium complexity samples (up to 30 components) with the aim of shortening analysis time. This approach is complementary to fast GC with narrow-bore columns and is based on compensating the lower efficiency of short columns with conventional I.D.'s (0.25-0.32 nun) by using a stationary phase selectivity suitable to separate the components of the sample under investigation, so that the required resolution power is achieved but, at the same time, the analysis time is shortened. The qualitative and quantitative effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of: essential oils with different compositions (chamomile and rosemary), low-volatility triterpenes in a plant extract (Maytenus aquifolium and M. ilicfolium), thermolabile pyrethrins in a Pyrethrum extract, and a mixture of pesticides applied to protect medicinal plant crops. In all examples, GC analysis was five to ten times faster than with conventional columns. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000171541800010.481VU Times Cited:20 Cited References Count:15 0021-9673ISI:000171541800010Bicchi, C Univ Turin, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy Univ Turin, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Farmaco, I-10125 Turin, Italy MEGA, I-20025 Milan, Italy ThermoQuest Italia, I-20090 Milan, ItalyEnglish|7Boxaspen, K. Holm, J. C.2001The development of pyrethrum-based treatments against the ectoparasitic salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in sea cage rearing of atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.701-707Aquaculture Research329pyrethrum salmon lice delousing salmon farming salt water lobster homarus-gammarus mussel mytilus-edulis dichlorvos nuvan trichlorfon neguvon degradation seawater agentSepMotile salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis were successfully removed by an oil-based pyrethrum treatment mixture. The experiments described here are all based on skin exposure of the salmon Salmo salar L. The in-cage method, in which salmon would delouse themselves by jumping through a layer of treatment mixture, gave up to 86.9% delousing effect under low levels of solar radiation (October). However, at higher levels of radiation (May), the comparable effect decreased to 31.8%. Studies of exposure time vs. delousing effect showed no difference between 2-s and 10-s exposure and gave an overall delousing effect of 89.5%. Individual delousing procedures have thus been developed with a 4- to 6-s dip in the pyrethrum treatment mixture. A commercial method is described based on commercial Py-Sal 25 mixed with an anaesthetic bath before a vaccination or sorting operation. The overall delousing efficiency with this large-scale method was 85%. This is the method now used in commercial delousing with pyrethrum as the active component.://000171126600005-474VB Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:32 1355-557XISI:000171126600005Boxaspen, K Inst Marine Res, Austevoll Aquaculture Res Stn, N-5392 Storebo, Norway Inst Marine Res, Austevoll Aquaculture Res Stn, N-5392 Storebo, NorwayEnglish|7jCharlwood, J. D. Qassim, M. Elnsur, E. I. Donnelly, M. Petrarca, V. Billingsley, P. F. Pinto, J. Smith, T.2001bThe impact of indoor residual spraying with malathion on malaria in refugee camps in eastern Sudan1-8 Acta Tropica801malaria sudan malthion anopheles arabiensis mortality incidence anopheles-gambiae complex linked immunosorbent-assay polymerase chain-reaction plasmodium-falciparum blood-meals arabiensis identification culicidae vectors dipteraSep 1;An exploratory trial of the efficacy of indoor spraying with malathion on morbidity and mortality in refugee camps in eastern Sudan was conducted during the rainy season of 1997. The interior walls of houses from a randomly selected group of five camps were sprayed with malathion in mid-September and morbidity and mortality rates in the camps for the months October to December compared with rates in five controls. Pyrethrum spray collection and human landing catches were performed in two collection rounds. An exophagic but endophilic population of Anopheles arabiensis was the most common mosquito collected. The mean human blood index of 242 mosquitoes from eight camps was 0.51. Only two of 1040 mosquitoes examined harboured sporozoites. Blood samples of 83 putative malaria patients were examined for parasites by PCR. Mortality rates in the 3 months following spraying were significantly lower in sprayed camps although differences in clinical malaria incidence between sprayed and non-sprayed camps were not significant. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved.://000170709200001.467MW Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:21 0001-706XISI:000170709200001 Charlwood, JD Danish Bilharziasis Lab, Jaegersborg Alle 1-D, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Inst Higiene & Med Trop, Ctr Malaria & Outros Doencas Trop, P-1300 Lisbon, Portugal UNHCR, Khartoum, Sudan Showak Hlth Unit, Commissioners Off Refugees, Khartoum, Sudan Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England Univ Roma La Sapienza, Inst Parassitol, I-00185 Rome, Italy Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland Swiss Trop Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, SwitzerlandEnglish4|7+Antonious, G. F. Snyder, J. C. Patel, G. A.2001^Pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide residues on potato leaves and in soil under field conditions261-271gJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes363multi-purpose insecticide pyrethrum synergist pbo solid phase extraction persistence half-life endosulfan biofilter movement runoff water fateResidues of pyrethrin-I (Py-I) and pyrethrin-II (Py-II), the major insecticidal components of the pyrethrum daisy (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) as well as residues of piperonyl butoxide (PBO, a pyrethrum synergist) were determined in soil and on potato foliage grown under field conditions. A pyrethrum formulation (Multi-Purpose Insecticide) containing the three active ingredients was sprayed twice at the rate of 6 lbs of formulated product.acre(-1) ( 5.4 and 27.2 g A.I. of pyrethrin and PBO, respectively) on potato foliage during the growing season. In soil, three management practices (yard waste compost, grass filter strips, and a no mulch treatment) were used to study the impact of surface soil characteristics on the amount of pyrethrins (Pys) and PBO retained in soil. Soil samples and potato leaves were collected at different time intervals after spraying. Samples were purified and concentrated using solid-phase extraction columns containing C-18-Octadecyl bonded silica. Residues were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV detector. The first spray resulted in mean initial deposits of 0.18, 0.40, and 0.99 mug.g(-1) potato leaves for Py-I, Py-II, and PBO, respectively. Residues in soil were higher in compost treatments compared to no mulch treatments.://000170042100002.455RQ Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:20 0360-1234ISI:000170042100002Antonious, GF Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA Kentucky State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Lexington, KY 40546 USAEnglish|7Essig, K. Zhao, Z. M. J.2001APreparation anal characterization of a pyrethrum extract standard722-+Lc Gc North America197hplcJulvThe authors separated and collected milligram quantities of six pyrethrin esters in pyrethrum extract by semipreparative, normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). They structurally confirmed each ester by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. They also checked retention times based upon previously developed HPLC methodology. They determined the purity of each ester based upon the chromatographic area percentage. The. authors then used the esters as individual standards to restandardize the content of pyrethrin esters in two selected pyrethrum extracts, which they previously had assayed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International titration method. They will submit one of the selected pyrethrum extracts to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia as a potential reference standard for additional applications.://000169843300006,452EC Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:9 1527-5949ISI:000169843300006xEssig, K Aventis Environm Sci, 95 Chestnut Ridge Rd, Montvale, NJ 07645 USA Aventis Environm Sci, Montvale, NJ 07645 USAEnglish {|7OMathenge, E. M. Gimnig, J. E. Kolczak, M. Ombok, M. Irungu, L. W. Hawley, W. A.2001Effect of permethrin-impregnated nets on exiting behavior, blood feeding success, and time of feeding of malaria mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in western Kenya531-536Journal of Medical Entomology384anopheles gambiae complex anopheles funestus bednets behavior anopheles-gambiae complex experimental hut trials treated bed nets bednets insecticide vectors area curtains children impactJulThe impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the feeding and house entering/exiting behavior of malaria vectors was assessed in two studies in western Kenya. In one study, matched pairs of houses were allocated randomly to receive bednets or no bednets. Exiting mosquitoes were collected in Colombian curtains hung around half of each house; indoor resting mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. The number of Anopheles gambiae Giles and An. arabiensis Patton estimated to have entered the houses was unaffected by the presence of bednets; Anopheles funestus Giles was less likely to enter a house if bednets were present. Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus were less likely to obtain a blood meal and. significantly more likely to exit houses when bednets were present. No difference was detected in An. arabiensis rates of blood feeding and exiting. In a second experiment, hourly night biting collections were done on 13 nights during the rainy season to assess whether village-wide use of permethrin-treated bednets caused a shift in the time of biting of malaria vectors. A statistically significant shift was detected in the biting times of An. gambiae s.l., although the observed differences were small. No change was observed in the hourly distribution of An. funestus biting. Our study demonstrated that, at least in the short-term,bednets reduced human-vector contact and blood feeding success but did not lead to changes in the biting times of the malaria vectors in western Kenya.://000169823600010.451VT Times Cited:16 Cited References Count:29 0022-2585ISI:000169823600010Mathenge, EM Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, CDC Sect, POB 1578, Kisumu, Kenya Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, CDC Sect, Kisumu, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USAEnglish0|7NTriana, J. Eiroa, J. L. Lopez, M. Ortega, J. J. Gonzalez, A. G. Barrera, J. B.2001*Sesquiterpene lactones from Lugoa revoluta869-871#Biochemical Systematics and Ecology298zlugoa revoluta compositae anthemideae sesquiterpene lactones germacranolides eudesmanolides pyrethrum flowers constituentsAug://000169719700012-450AQ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:12 0305-1978ISI:000169719700012eBarrera, JB CSIC, Inst Univ Bioorgan Antonio Gonzalez, Inst Prod Nat & Agrobiol, Avda Astrofis Francisco Sanchez 3, Tenerife 38206, Canary Islands, Spain CSIC, Inst Univ Bioorgan Antonio Gonzalez, Inst Prod Nat & Agrobiol, Tenerife 38206, Canary Islands, Spain Univ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Dept Quim, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Canary Islands, SpainEnglishV|7Pethybridge, S. J. Hay, F. S.2001mInfluence of Phoma ligulicola on yield, and site factors on disease development, in Tasmanian pyrethrum crops17-20Australasian Plant Pathology301accuracyQPhoma ligulicola Boerema was isolated from diseased buds, and necrotic stem and leaf lesions in 24 pyrethrum fields approaching their first harvest in northern Tasmania. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of this pathogen, marked differences in disease severity were evident in several fields. A higher incidence of disease was noted in fields with a southerly exposure and low areas within fields than on sites with a northerly exposure and hill crests. In 52% of the fields surveyed, P. ligulicola was associated with reduced yields of pyrethrin (kg ha(-1) active ingredient) of up to 100%.://000168756100004.433JK Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:17 0815-3191ISI:000168756100004Pethybridge, SJ Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, NW Ctr,POB 447, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Burnie, Tas 7320, AustraliaEnglish |7)Bhuiyan, M. K. R. Hassan, E. Isman, M. B.2001Growth inhibitory and lethal effects of some botanical insecticides and potential synergy by dillapiol in Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)82-88_Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection1081Jsynergist botanical insecticides dillapiol toxicity spodoptera litura neemJanWSynergistic effects of dillapiol with several botanical insecticides and plant extracts were investigated using leaf disc bioassays on early 4(th) instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Neem, rotenone, and toosendanin were synergized by dillapiol in the first 24 h of the bioassay (period of direct exposure). However, in the subsequent 72 h following exposure to the combinations of botanical insecticides with dillapiol, the synergy did not persist. Dillapiol appeared to antagonize the growth inhibitory (sublethal) effects of neem, Melia volkensii, and Annona squamosa extracts over this time period, but mortality of larvae exposed to neem, rotenone, toosendanin, and Annona squamosa was significantly enhanced by coadministration of dillapiol. Dillapiol at 0.05 % was especially synergistic with neem (0.5 %) and pyrethrum (0.1 %).://000168209700011-424AJ Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:24 0340-8159ISI:000168209700011Isman, MB Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Univ British Columbia, Fac Agr Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaEnglish |7Kehrli, P. Wyss, E.2001Effects of augmentative releases of the coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata, and of insecticide treatments in autumn on the spring population of aphids of the genus Dysaphis in apple orchards245-252'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata992adalia bipunctata apple orchard biocontrol aphids of the genus dysaphis field trials augmentative release insecticide autumn plantaginea predators ladybirds abundanceMay]The impact of augmentative releases of indigenous predators and insecticide applications to control the autumn aphid forms of the genus Dysaphis (Homoptera: Aphididae), major pest insects on apple trees, was assessed in one-year field experiments in Switzerland. Eggs and larvae of the two-spot ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were released on 4-year old apple trees in various numbers at five different dates in autumn 1998 when sexuales of the aphids were present. Additionally, Pyrethrum HP was sprayed at the same five dates to compare the effectiveness of these augmentative releases to a commonly applied insecticide. Augmentative releases of larvae before mid-October significantly prevented the deposition of overwintering eggs by aphids of the genus Dysaphis and consequently reduced the number of hatched fundatrices in spring, 1999. There was a significant negative functional response among the number of released coccinellid larvae in autumn 1998 and the number of observed fundatrices on apple trees in spring 1999. Applications of Pyrethrum HP before mid-October were more effective than augmentative releases of larvae of A. bipunctata. The release of coccinellid eggs had no impact on the number of fundatrices of the genus Dysaphis in the next spring because they did not hatch due to bad weather conditions. The weather conditions in autumn seemed to have an impact on the autumn migration of the winged aphids back to their primary host. The prevention of egg deposition of aphids in autumn is a promising control strategy and deserves further exploration for practical use.://000168056900013.421GP Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:19 0013-8703ISI:000168056900013oWyss, E Res Inst Organ Agr, Ackerstr, CH-5070 Frick, Switzerland Res Inst Organ Agr, CH-5070 Frick, SwitzerlandEnglish |7<Victor, T. J. Malathi, M. Ravi, V. Palani, G. Appavoo, N. C.2000\First outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in two villages of Dharmapuri district in Tamil Nadu193-197"Indian Journal of Medical Research112;culex vishnui subgroup japanese encephalitis outbreak virusDec@Background & objectives: Three cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) were reported for the first time from two villages in Krishnagiri Health Unit district of Tamil Nadu during November 1999, Two children died and one developed neurological sequelae. A serological survey was conducted in these villages to find out the prevalence of JE antibodies among children below 15 yr of age in addition to the epidemiological investigations. Methods: The prevalence of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies to JE virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue-2 virus (DEN-2) was detected by HI test and IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC ELISA) was performed to determine recent infections with JE virus. Adult mosquitoes were collected in the study villages and females of Culex pseudovishnui, C. tritaeniorhynchus and C. vishnui were tested for the presence of JE viral antigen by ELISA. Results : Out of 146 sera samples from children below 15 yr, the prevalence of HI antibodies to JEV, WNV and DEN-2 virus was found to be 8.9, 3.4 and 6.85 per cent respectively and three children had IgM antibodies to JEV. Of the 13 species of mosquitoes identified, C. tritaeniorhynchus (30.8%) was the most abundant species in the study villages. Two pools of female C, tritaeniorhynchus were found to be positive for JEV antigen. Fogging with 2 per cent pyrethrum and residual spray with 10 per cent cyfluthrin were effective in reducing vector density. Interpretation & conclusions: Serological investigations revealed that the JE virus was predominant in the study villages. In addition, DEN-2 and WN viruses were also prevalent, Detection of JE virus specific IgM antibodies in three specimens and the presence of JE viral antigen in 2 pools of C. tritaeniorhynchus emphasized the need for constant surveillance and monitoring so as to prevent future large outbreaks.://000167225500001-406PZ Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:14 0971-5916ISI:000167225500001Victor, TJ Inst Vector Control & Zoonoses, Hosur 635126, India Inst Vector Control & Zoonoses, Hosur 635126, India Natl Inst Mental Hlth & Neuro Sci, Dept Neurovirol, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Directorate Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Chennai, IndiaEnglish|7.Kristensen, M. Spencer, A. G. Jespersen, J. B.2001lThe status and development of insecticide resistance in Danish populations of the housefly Musca domestica L82-89Pest Management Science571survey field populations organophosphate carbamate pyrethroid development inhibitors pesticide resistance field populations risk assessment diflubenzuron cyromazine tacticsJanSamples of housefly (Musca domestica) field populations were collected from Danish livestock farms in 1997. The tolerance of the first-generation offspring was determined for a number of insecticides. Dose-response values were obtained by topical application for the pyrethroids bio-resmethrin and pyrethrum, both synergised with piperonyl butoxide, and the organophosphate dimethoate. The organophosphates azamethiphos and propetamphos and the carbamate methomyl were tested in discriminating dose feeding bioassays. Resistance was low to moderate in mast of the populations for most of the compounds tested, but this study also revealed the existence of high resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in some populations. The resistance factors at LD50 for bioresmethrin/piperonyl butoxide ranged between 2 and 98, and for pyrethrurulpiperonyl butoxide between 2 and 29. Our results indicate that pyrethroid resistance in Denmark is increasing, since four of the 21 farms showed more than 100-fold resistance at LD95 a level of resistance only observed once before. Resistance factors at LD50 for dimethoate ranged from 9 to 100, and showed two distinct trends: populations with either decreasing or increasing resistance. Resistance to azamethiphos was found to be widespread and high. Although two strains with high methomyl and propetamphos resistance were observed, methomyl and propetamphos resistance is moderate and appears not to be increasing. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.://000166559000011-395BN Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:20 1526-498XISI:000166559000011Kristensen, M Danish Pest Infestat Lab, Dept Entomol, Skovbrynet 14, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Danish Pest Infestat Lab, Dept Entomol, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkEnglish:|7$Hitmi, A. Coudret, A. Barthomeuf, C.2000tThe production of pyrethrins by plant cell and tissue cultures of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Tagetes species317-3376Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology355cell and organ cultures bioconversions genetic engineering economical viability identification and quantification methods capillary gas-chromatography supercritical fluid chromatography natural pyrethrins callus growth acid formulations prospectsPyrethrins, the most: economically important natural insecticide, comprise a group of six closely related monoterpene esters. The industrial production is based on their extraction from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Pyrethrum) capitula. The world production of natural pyrethrins still falls short of global market demand stimulating the research in in vitro production as an alternative to conventional cultivation methods. The different biotechnological alternatives such as callus cultures, shoot and root cultures, plant cell suspension cultures, and bioconversion of precursors by means of enzymatic synthesis or genetically engineered microorganisms, as well as the progress achieved in methods for the identification and quantitation of insecticidal compounds have been reviewed. Although technology for plant cell culture exists, industrial applications have, to date, been limited due to both the low economical viability and technological feasibility at large scale. Bioconversion of readily available precursors looks more attractive, but more research is needed before this technology is used for the industrial production of pyrethrins.://000165328900001.374DJ Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:103 1040-9238ISI:000165328900001CHitmi, A Univ Auvergne, Inst Univ Technol Aubiere, Lab Physiol & Biotechnol Vegetales, 100 Rue Egalite, F-15000 Aurillac, France Univ Auvergne, Inst Univ Technol Aubiere, Lab Physiol & Biotechnol Vegetales, F-15000 Aurillac, France Univ Auvergne, Fac Pharm, Lab Pharmacognosie & Biotechnol, F-63001 Clermont Ferrand, FranceEnglish|7Szep, T. Moller, A. P.2000eExposure to ectoparasites increases within-brood variability in size and body mass in the sand martin201-207 Oecologia1252breeding synchrony colony ixodes lividus phenotypic variance riparia riparia host immune defense riparia-riparia nest reuse survival reproduction parasitism swallow birds costOctParasites often have detrimental effects on their hosts, and only host individuals able to cope with parasitism are likely to display induced or genetic resistance. Hosts may respond to parasitism by differential investment in offspring depending on their ability to cope with parasitism, because offspring that perform better than their siblings are themselves likely to have superior induced or genetic resistance. We tested whether nestlings of the highly colonial sand martin Riparia riparia were affected by the haematophagous tick Ixodes lividus by experimentally manipulating parasite loads of nests [nests sprayed with pyrethrum to remove parasites (sprayed), or nests sprayed with water (control)] at three stages of the breeding season. Prevalence and intensity of ticks were significantly affected by treatments, Breeding success was not significantly affected by treatment, although post-fledging survival was twice as high among nestlings from sprayed nests than from controls. Mean phenotypic traits of nestlings generally did not differ significantly among treatments, while within-brood variance in keel length (a skeletal character) and body mass were higher in control treatment broods than sprayed ones. Sedimentation rate, which reflects blood protein and immunoglobulin content, was significantly higher and less variable in sprayed than control broods. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that parasitism effects on host reproductive success act through an increase in the variance of offspring quality.://000165110200006.370EJ Times Cited:19 Cited References Count:26 0029-8549ISI:000165110200006Szep, T Coll Nyiregyhaza, Dept Environm Sci, POB 166, H-4401 Nyiregyhaza, Hungary Coll Nyiregyhaza, Dept Environm Sci, H-4401 Nyiregyhaza, Hungary Univ Paris 06, CNRS URA 258, Ecol Lab, F-75252 Paris 05, FranceEnglish :|78Ozanne, C. M. P. Speight, M. R. Hambler, C. Evans, H. F.2000xIsolated trees and forest patches: Patterns in canopy arthropod abundance and diversity in Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine)53-63Forest Ecology and Management1371-3|patch size edge-effects arthropod communities habitat heterogeneity pyrethrum knockdown reserves habitat islands birds edgesOct 158Fragmentation and management of temperate forests has resulted in the creation of isolated patches of habitat ranging in size from the single tree to large stands of forest and plantation. Pyrethroid knockdown sampling of canopy arthropods in Pinus sylvestris in a British heathland matrix revealed larger forest patches (10 ha) supported greater populations of certain arthropod specialists than small patches (1 ha), and that individual trees support a qualitatively different fauna with a stronger heathland influence. Further, patch edges differ from patch interiors, particularly with respect to woodland specialist spiders. Feeding guilds differ between edges and interiors. Scaffold-web building spiders prefer larger patches, whilst aphid species with long rostra capable of penetrating thick exposed cuticle predominate on exposed single trees (P = 0.007) and patch edges. Predator densities were lower on single trees (P = 0.024), but there was little evidence of a compensatory increase in density of herbivores. No evidence was found for species-area or density-area effects, suggesting patch heterogeneity with respect to edge and interior may be relatively important at the scales examined. The taxa examined in greatest detail were the Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Symphyta, Coleoptera and Araneae, with the latter group identified to species level to examine relationships between feeding guild and patch character. Microclimatic variables related to exposure are proposed to be an important determinant of the patterns observed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000089269400005.353HU Times Cited:19 Cited References Count:47 0378-1127ISI:000089269400005Ozanne, CMP Roehampton Inst, Sch Life Sci, West Hill, London SW15 3SN, England Roehampton Inst, Sch Life Sci, London SW15 3SN, England Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England Forest Author, Alice Holt Res Stn, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, EnglandEnglishz|7Sheppard, D. C. Swedlund, B.2000KToxicity of individual pyrethrin esters to house flies (Diptera : Muscidae)279-282 Journal of Entomological Science353-pyrethrin house fly pyrethrum musca domesticaJuloSix pyrethrin esters were separated from whole pyrethrum by using high performance liquid chromatography on a silica column. Dilutions of individual esters were applied topically to house flies (Musca domestica L.) and compared to whole pyrethrum and transpermethrin. LD50's averaged from two significant dosage-mortality regressions per chemical were in ascending toxicity: Cinerin 1 (1.77 mu g/fly), jasmolin 1 (1.28 mu g/fly), pyrethrin Il (0.49 mu g/fly), jasmolin 11 (0.46 mu g/fly), cinerin 11 (0.43 mu g/fly), pyrethrin 1 (0.20 mu g/fly), 25% pyrethrin extract (0.11 mu g/fly) and trans-permethrin (0.0072 mu g/fly).://000088836900008-345VY Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:13 0749-8004ISI:000088836900008Sheppard, DC Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USAEnglisho|7Wenclawiak, B. Otterbach, A.2000MCarbon-based quantitation of pyrethrins by supercritical-fluid chromatography197-207.Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods431-3=sfc pyrethrin pyrethroids carbon calibration response factorsJul 56All six insecticide active ingredients in pyrethrum extract were quantified by supercritical fluid chromatography and carbon calibration. Allethrin is a suitable reference compound for carbon calibration and pyrethrins calibrations. Carbon quantification in SFC is also applied to pyrethroids (phenothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin) and alkanes. Halogen substitution on pyrethroids requires halogens on the reference calibration compound. The method was applied to commercial extracts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000088158400014-333YM Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:20 0165-022XISI:000088158400014Wenclawiak, B Univ Gesamthsch Siegen, Dept Analyt Chem, Adolf Reichwein Str 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany Univ Gesamthsch Siegen, Dept Analyt Chem, D-57068 Siegen, GermanyEnglishp|7Albert, R. Wolff, R.2000+Pest control methods for the private garden79-824Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science733JunThe availability of pesticides in private gardens is limited by local law in the State of Baden-Wurttemberg in south-west Germany. Only 26 insecticides, fungicides and molluscicides are permitted. Hence, only pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Granulosis Virus, pyrethrum or the pheromone mating disruption method (PMDM) can be used for moth control in apple. The use of beneficials like Trichogramma sp. or Chpysoperla carnea is not limited. PMDM had not been previously investigated in allotments until the experiments reported here were carried out in 1998 and 1999. In these experiments, PMDM was compared with the use of the egg parasites, Trichogramma dendrolimi and T. cacoeciae. The observations were done in 102 allotments, each of about 300 m(2). The gardeners are members of a special club for the allotments and they often organize the bulk acquisition of plants or fertilizers for the club. Sometimes the club obtains plant protection products when something has to be done in ail allotments. The codling moth and the plum fruit moth are important pests in these allotments. In 1997, attacks of codling moth were generally low throughout the southern Germany. This was reflected in the allotments where there was less than one per cent fruit damage with PMDM or the egg parasites the following year. During 1999, the attacks were generally much higher resulting in a higher use of insecticides in commercial German orchards. In the allotments, about six to eight per cent of fruits were damaged by the codling moth in both experimental treatments. The results indicate that PMDM can be successful in allotments and is equally as effective as the use of egg-parasites. But further experiments are required.://000087756700004,326VC Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:7 1436-5693ISI:000087756700004Albert, R Landesanstalt Pflanzenschutz, Reinsburgstr 107, D-70197 Stuttgart, Germany Landesanstalt Pflanzenschutz, D-70197 Stuttgart, GermanyGerman|7Roth, M.2000FThe availability and use of chemotherapeutic sea lice control products109-118Contributions to Zoology691-2sea lice pesticide survey chemotherapeutants salmon salmo-salar louse lepeophtheirus-salmonis farmed atlantic salmon hydrogen-peroxide efficacy ivermectin caligidae copepoda chinookAn international survey revealed that eleven compounds representing five pesticide types are currently being used on commercial salmon farms for sea lice control. These include two organophosphates (dichlorvos and azamethiphos); three pyrethrin/pyrethroid compounds (pyrethrum, cypermethrin, deltamethrin); one oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide); three avermectins (ivermectin, emamectin and doramectin) and two benzoylphenyl ureas (teflubenzuron and diflubenzuron). The number of compounds available in any one country is highly variable, ranging from 9 (Norway) to 6 (Chile, United Kingdom) to 4 (Ireland, Faeroes, Canada) to 2 (US)). Dichlorvos, Azamethiphos and cypermethrin were the most widely used compounds (5 countries) followed by, hydrogen peroxide, ivermectin and emamectin (4 countries each), teflubenzuron (3 countries), diflubenzuron (2 countries), and deltamethrin, pyrethrum and doramectin (1 country each). Although, like trichlorfon, dichlorvos use is being discontinued in several countries notably Norway and the Faeroes. In most instances the availability of sea lice chemotherapeutants is limited, many being used under extra-label veterinary prescription or exemption, and special investigation permits. Access to a broad range of compounds with different modes of action, as well as application methods, has only recently been acquired making assessment of chemotherapy, and therefore integrated pest management, difficult.://000087609000013.324EN Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:37 0067-8546ISI:000087609000013wRoth, M Aqua Hlth Ltd, 499 Clarence St E, Ottawa, ON K1N 5S3, Canada Salmon Hlth Consortium, Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7, CanadaEnglish|7ASimmonds, M. S. J. Manlove, J. D. Blaney, W. M. Khambay, B. P. S.2000{Effect of botanical insecticides on the foraging and feeding behavior of the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri99-107Phytoparasitica282cryptolaemus montrouzieri planococcus citri foraging feeding crude neem seed extract azadirachtin naphthoquinones calceolaria pyrethrum beetle coleoptera growth-regulators natural enemies neem azadirachtin pesticides toxicity aphidsXTo investigate the effect of botanicals on the foraging behavior of the mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, predator larvae and adults were exposed to leaves and the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) treated with one of the following. a crude neem seed extract; a formulation of azadirachtin (Azatin EC(R)); a pyrethrum extract; and one of two naphthoquinones isolated from Calceolaria andina Benth. (BTG 504 and BTG 505). All the botanicals influenced the foraging behavior of C. montrouzieri, at one or more concentrations. Larval and adult foraging behavior was influenced most by BTG 504 and neem also affected larval behavior; the predators contacted fewer treated leaves and spent less time on treated than on untreated leaves. Larvae also consumed fewer mealybugs treated with BTG 504 and BTG 505 compared with untreated mealybugs.://000086310000002-301KU Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:19 0334-2123ISI:000086310000002Simmonds, MSJ Royal Bot Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Biol, London WC1E 7HX, England AFRC, Inst Arable Crops Res, Biol & Ecol Chem Dept, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, EnglandEnglish ð Ptmi, A. Coudret, A. Barthomeuf, C.2000tThe production of pyrethrins by plant cell and tissue cultures of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Tagetes species69-89"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences191cell and organ cultures bioconversions genetic engineering economical viability identification and quantification methods capillary gas-chromatography supercritical fluid chromatography natural pyrethrins growth callus acid prospects~Pyrethrins, the most economically important natural insecticide, comprise a group of six closely related monoterpene esters. The industrial production is based on their extraction from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Pyrethrum) capitula. The world production of natural pyrethrins still falls short of global market demand stimulating the research in in vitro production as an alternative to conventional cultivation methods. The different biotechnological alternatives such as callus cultures, shoot and root cultures, plant cell suspension cultures, and bioconversion of precursors by means of enzymatic synthesis or genetically engineered microorganisms, as well as the progress achieved in methods for the identification and quantitation of insecticidal compounds have been reviewed. Although technology for plant cell culture exists, industrial applications have, to date, been limited due to both the low economical viability and technological feasibility at large scale. Bioconversion of readily available precursors looks more attractive, but more research is needed before this technology is used for the industrial production of pyrethrins.://000085738000003.291MD Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:104 0735-2689ISI:000085738000003CHitmi, A Univ Auvergne, Inst Univ Technol Aubiere, Lab Physiol & Biotechnol Vegetales, 100 rue Egalite, F-15000 Aurillac, France Univ Auvergne, Inst Univ Technol Aubiere, Lab Physiol & Biotechnol Vegetales, F-15000 Aurillac, France Univ Auvergne, Fac Pharm, Lab Pharmacognosie & Biotechnol, F-63001 Clermont Ferrand, FranceEnglish P|7Rababah, A. A. Ashbolt, N. J.2000XInnovative production treatment hydroponic farm for primary municipal sewage utilisation825-834Water Research343Rwastewater reuse nft hydroponics modelling heavy metals pathogens water reuse riskFebThe objectives of this work were to investigate a conceptual layout for an inexpensive and simple system that would treat primary municipal wastewater to discharge standards. Furthermore, the system may provide an increased supply of safe water for irrigation with low operational costs and produce commercially valuable plants for small communities in arid and semi-arid areas. A commercial hydroponic system was adapted for this study and consisted of five gullies, 3 m long by 100 mm wide. Primary treated effluent was used to irrigate lettuce in one series and a commercial nutrient solution was used to irrigate the same type of lettuce in another series as a control, both by nutrient film technique (NFT). Nutrient and suspended solids were efficiently removed by the NFT plant system. While no uptake of F-RNA bacteriophages were detected within lettuce leaves, uptake was apparent from spiked virus-sized particles (fluorescent 0.1 mu m microspheres) and equivocal from spores of the faecal bacterium, Clostridium perfringens. Microbial data was used in a beta-Poisson dose response model and indicated that the probability of infection for a single ingestion event of NFT grown lettuce grown on primary treated municipal effluent was about 1.7% for viruses. Moreover, plants accumulated heavy metals in leaf tissues at concentrations higher than the maximum recommended levels for Australian and New Zealand food (As = 6.5, Cd = 3.8, Pb = 20 mg kg(-1)). Hence, it is recommended to evaluate ornamental or non-edible crops, such as essential oils, pyrethrum or flowers for sewage treatment. A conceptual layout for a full-scale production treatment hydroponic Farm (PTHF) for small communities was based on modelling phosphorus removal with the hydroponic NFT experimental pilot plant. With NFT culture of lettuces, roots and other surfaces accounted for 67-72% of total phosphorous (TP) removal (by adsorption mechanisms). Based on empirical modelling, an influent TP 2-6 mg l(-1) PTHF would be expected to be economical for small communities (<400 people) and produce effluent with TP <0.15 mg l(-1), SS <2.5 mg l(-1) and BOD <55 mg l(-1). Lower values would be expected if the effluent was polished through a humus filter. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000084822200014.275LT Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:30 0043-1354ISI:000084822200014Ashbolt, NJ Univ New S Wales, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Water & Waste Technol, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Univ New S Wales, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Water & Waste Technol, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaEnglish|7PKhambay, B. P. S. Beddie, D. G. Hooper, A. M. Simmonds, M. S. J. Green, P. W. C.1999HNew insecticidal tetradecahydroxanthenediones from Callistemon viminalis 1666-1667Journal of Natural Products6212DecTwo. novel epimeric compounds, viminadione A (1) and viminadione B (2), have been isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation of the aerial parts of Callistemon viminalis and their structures (including relative stereochemistry at C-7, C-8, and C-9) elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Viminadione A (1) exhibits moderate insecticidal activity in comparison with natural pyrethrum extract. Viminadione B (2) is less active.://000084519500017,270DE Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:3 0163-3864ISI:000084519500017Khambay, BPS IARC, Dept Biol & Ecol Chem, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England IARC, Dept Biol & Ecol Chem, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, EnglandEnglish|7 Wilson, C. R.1999WSusceptibility of pyrethrum and opium poppy to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus infection333-335Australasian Plant Pathology284florists chrysanthemum virus+Artificial glasshouse challenges of a range of commercial cultivars and breeding lines of opium poppy and pyrethrum with a selection of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus isolates were carried out. Infection of both pyrethrum and poppy was shown. In pyrethrum, evidence for erratic virus distribution, limited systemic infection or reduced virus titre in some tissues was shown. Neither species showed symptoms of infection nor was any effect on plant growth observed. Testing of a small number of field pyrethrum plants indicated natural infection may occur.://000084606100010-271QZ Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:10 0815-3191ISI:000084606100010Wilson, CR Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Univ Tasmania, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, AustraliaEnglishB|7(Henry, C. W. Shamsi, S. A. Warner, I. M.1999USeparation of natural pyrethrum extracts using micellar electrokinetic chromatography89-103Journal of Chromatography A8631tpyrethrin esters capillary chromatography anionic surfactant electrophoresis alphamethrine hydrolysis products waterNov 19The separation of the six pyrethrin esters in a technical pyrethrum extract (Riedel-de-Haen, Cresent Chemical Co. Inc. Hauppauge, NY, USA) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a polymerized surfactant as pseudo-stationary phases has been investigated and optimized. Parameters such as pH, SDS and polymerized sodium N-undecyl sulfate (poly-SUS) concentration, type and concentration of background electrolyte and organic modifier, as well as the acetonitrile/water ratio in the sample were studied, to optimize the resolution, efficiency, and analysis time. An optimized separation of the six pyrethrin esters was achieved in 25 min with 25 mM Tris, buffered at pH 9, containing 30 mM SDS, 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, and an equal volume ratio of acetonitrile/water sample matrix at a voltage of 25 kV. The use of 0.5% (w/v) poly-SUS enhanced resolution of the pyrethrin esters and shortened the total analysis time from 25 to 20 min, compared to the SDS mediated separation. The optimized MEKC results are compared to the HPLC separation of these esters and show an improvement in efficiency and total analysis time. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved.://000083841900009.258MA Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:18 0021-9673ISI:000083841900009Warner, IM Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA Georgia State Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30303 USAEnglish|7'Kasaj, D. Rieder, A. Krenn, L. Kopp, B.1999dSeparation and quantitative analysis of natural pyrethrins by high-performance liquid chromatography607-610Chromatographia509-10Ycolumn liquid chromatography pyrethrum, natural pyrethrins chrysanthemum cinerariaefoliumNovThe pyrethrins, six insecticidally active esters from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A method for the separation and quantitative determination of these compounds in pyrethrum extracts by RPHPLC has been developed and validated. Quantification of the pyrethrins was performed by internal and external standardization. Normal-phase HPLC was used to isolate the individual pyrethrins. Different commercial pyrethrum extracts and samples of Flos Pyrethri of different origin were investigated by use of the new method. There was good correlation between our results and those obtained by quantification of the pyrethrins in some of the samples by the AOAC method.://000083762600013-257BW Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:14 0009-5893ISI:000083762600013Kopp, B Univ Vienna, Inst Pharmacognosy, Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Univ Vienna, Inst Pharmacognosy, A-1090 Vienna, AustriaEnglish>|7BKhambay, B. P. S. Beddie, D. G. Simmonds, M. S. J. Green, P. W. C.1999@A new insecticidal pyranocyclohexenedione from Kunzea ericifolia 1423-1424Journal of Natural Products6210OctA new compound (1), named ericifolione, has been isolated from the hexane extract of the aerial parts of Kunzea ericifolia Rehb. (Myrtaceae) by bioassay-guided fractionation. It exhibits moderate insecticidal activity in comparison with natural pyrethrum extract.://000083371400016,250CL Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:6 0163-3864ISI:000083371400016Khambay, BPS IACR Rothamsted, Dept Biol & Ecol Chem, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England IACR Rothamsted, Dept Biol & Ecol Chem, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, EnglandEnglish |7-Krappe, M. Hawthorne, S. B. Wenclawiak, B. W.1999Heterogenic catalytic hydrolysis and analysis of natural pyrethrins in subcritical water coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS625-630)Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry3647<polychlorinated-biphenyls extraction chromatography organicsAugcThe natural pyrethrins, cinerin I, jasmolin I and pyrethrin I, have been hydrolyzed to chrysanthemic acid (CA) in subcritical water in the presence of basic alumina. The hydrolysis and extraction was performed in situ with subcritical water. The conversion to acid is reproducible at 200 degrees C and 30 min with an RSD of 19% (n = 16) at a concentration level of 1.2 x 10(-8) mol/L CA and 12% (n = 12) at concentration level of 1.2 x 10(-7) mol/L CA. An analytical method using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) combined with GC-FID or -MSD was developed and optimized. For SPME an equilibration time of 20 min at pH of 2 was required. Three fibers, 100 mu m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 85 mu m polyacrylate (PA) and 65 mu m carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW) were evaluated. The Carbowax/divinylbenzene fiber has the highest affinity for CA, but the capacity decreases significantly from experiment to experiment. The most reproducible and most stable one was the PDMS fiber. Two internal standards, octanoic acid and cis-chrysanthemic acid, were used because CA degrades slowly at 200 degrees C in water. This method was applied to analyze some products which contain pyrethrum as an active ingredient, such as insect spray, shampoo against lice, and dried chrysanthemum flowers. The results are comparable to SFC-FID data and correspond to the values given by the manufacturer.://000082202900004-229PL Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:15 0937-0633ISI:000082202900004Wenclawiak, BW Univ Gesamthsch Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany Univ Gesamthsch Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany Univ N Dakota, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USAEnglish|7 Katsuda, Y.1999<Development of and future prospects for pyrethroid chemistry775-782Pesticide Science558natural pyrethrins synthetic pyrethroids fish toxicity pyrethroid resistance chrysanthemic acid esters chrysanthemum acid estersAugThe pyrethroid group of insecticides consists of natural pyrethrins derived from pyrethrum flowers and synthetic derivatives which are similar in chemical structure to the natural compounds. Pyrethroids have been considered to be ideal insecticides because of their rapid knock-down effect against insects in a minimal dose and low mammalian toxicity. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.://000082022100002.226LU Times Cited:23 Cited References Count:29 0031-613XISI:000082022100002jKatsuda, Y Dainihon Jochugiku Co Ltd, Osaka 5610827, Japan Dainihon Jochugiku Co Ltd, Osaka 5610827, JapanEnglish|79Rugutt, J. K. Henry, C. W. Franzblau, S. G. Warner, I. M.19998NMR and molecular mechanics study of pyrethrins I and II 3402-3410*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry4785pyrethrum chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium pyrethrins vacuum-liquid chromatography antimycobacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis m. avium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy molecular modeling conformations mycobacterium-tuberculosis c-13 assignments spectroscopy avium germination separation extracts systemsAugBioassay-directed fractionation of the organic extract of the Kenyan pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vissiani) resulted in the isolation of two natural pyrethrin esters, pyrethrin I (PI) and pyrethrin II (PII) as the major constituents. These esters elicited inhibition of the multiple drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The high-field H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of PI and PII were unequivocally assigned using modern two-dimensional (2D) proton-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The conformations of both esters were deduced from H-1-H-1 vicinal coupling constants and confirmed by 2D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Computer molecular modeling (MM) studies revealed that PI and PII molecules adopt a "love-seat" conformation in chloroform (CDCl3) solution.://000082128700070-228GL Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:59 0021-8561ISI:000082128700070Warner, IM Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Gillis W Long Hansens Dis Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USAEnglishe|7GHarak, M. Lamprecht, I. Kuusik, A. Hiiesaar, K. Metspalu, L. Tartes, U.1999mCalorimetric investigations of insect metabolism and development under the influence of a toxic plant extract39-48Thermochimica Acta3331direct calorimetry respirometry insects gas exchange standard metabolic rate water loss pieris brassicae tanacetum roseum tenebrio-molitor pupae releaseJul 26The cyclic gas exchange in the diapausing pupae (DP) of the cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae was monitored by use of simple and sensitive twin differential calorimeter combined with automatic respirometer. Usually, the periodic CO2 releases in DP occurred as large, intermittent and micro bursts (i.e. in the form of respiratory cycles). By treating the DP with low doses of the extracts of the marguerite Tanacetum roseum the large cycles of gas exchange were abolished, but the intermittent and micro bursts were preserved. These treatments did not result in any neuromuscular hyperactivity. After the treatment the body mass loss of DP increased from 1.72+/-0.16 (females (2x) and 2.23+/-0.31 (males 2x)) mg g(-1) day(-1) for the untreated pupae to 2.25+/-0.38 (females (2x) and 3.05+/-0.76 (males 2x)) mg g(-1) day(-1) for the treated ones. All the DP who survived the treatment developed into pharate stages, but adult emergence failed. The untreated and control DP kept at room temperatures (20-25 degrees C) did not initiate adult development and died after having lost more than 25% of initial body mass. It is assumed that pyrethrum, a nonhormonal agent, acts directly on the brain, stimulating the release of the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000081823500007.223CX Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:40 0040-6031ISI:000081823500007,Harak, M Tallinn Univ Pedag Sci, Narva Mnt 25, EE-10120 Tallinn, Estonia Tallinn Univ Pedag Sci, EE-10120 Tallinn, Estonia Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biophys, D-1000 Berlin, Germany Estonian Agr Univ, Inst Plant Protect, EE-10120 Tartu, Estonia Estonian Agr Univ, Inst Zool & Bot, EE-10120 Tartu, EstoniaEnglish|7DLutwama, J. J. Kayondo, J. Savage, H. M. Burkot, T. R. Miller, B. R.1999uEpidemic o'nyong-nyong fever in southcentral Uganda, 1996-1997: Entomologic studies in Bbaale village, Rakai district158-1621American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene611virusJulEntomologic studies were conducted between January 27 and February 2, 1997, in Bbaale village in southcentral Uganda during an o'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus epidemic, which began in mid 1996 and continued into 1997. The objectives were to confirm the role of anophelines in ONN virus transmission and to examine other mosquito species as epidemic vectors of ONN virus. Of 10,050 mosquitoes collected using light traps and pyrethrum knockdown sprays, Anopheles (Cellia) funestus Giles was presumed to be the principal vector because it was the most abundant mosquito species from which a strain of ONN virus was isolated. This virus was isolated for the first time from a culicine species. Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis Theobald. Bwamba virus and Nyando virus were also isolated from An. funestus.://000081670100030-220MQ Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:39 0002-9637ISI:000081670100030Miller, BR Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, UgandaEnglish |7+Keskitalo, M. Angers, P. Earle, E. Pehu, E.1999Chemical and genetic characterization of calli derived from somatic hybridization between tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) and pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Schultz-Bip.) 1335-1343 Theoretical and Applied Genetics988Stanacetum cinerariifolium (trevir.) schultz-bip. tanacetum vulgare l. protoplasts somatic hybridization flow cytometry gas chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms) random amplified polymorphic DNA (rapd) nuclear-DNA content chrysanthemum-cinerariaefolium nicotiana-tabacum hybrid plants cultures compositae diversity explants growth menthaJun Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerarifolium (Trevir.) Schultz-Bip.) produces environmentally benign pesticides, the pyrethrins, and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) lower terpenes of variable biological effectiveness. As an approach to improve the oil content and composition of tansy for enhanced biological activity, a somatic hybridization technique between tansy and pyrethrum was established. About 1 x 10(6) of leaf-mesophyll protoplasts of both species were mixed and fused with a solution containing 15% polyethylene glycol. Light-green and yellowish calli developed from the fusion experiments. The fusion-derived calli grew vigorously on MS medium supplemented with 6.4 mgl(-1) of BAP, 0.8 mg l(-1) of NAA, and 30-40 g l(-1) of glucose. Nuclear DNA content, RAPD patterns, and volatile compounds were analyzed to determine the hybridity of the calli. The nuclear DNA content of the tansy and pyrethrum genotypes, and the protoplast-derived calli of tansy were 6.41, 7.39, 13.84, and 8.11 pg, respectively. The nuclear DNA content of individual calli derived from the protoplast fusion between tansy + tansy ranged from 8.84 (F43A) to 19.59 pg (F43C) while those of the tansy + pyrethrum fusions were 10.66 (F46A) and 31.87 pg (F46B). Using four 10-mer primers a total of 56 RAPD-PCR fragments were produced. The distance matrices of fragments were calculated by average linkage cluster analysis. Two visually separated clusters were observed. One cluster consisted of the two tansy genotypes and the fusion-derived callus F43A; the other consisted of pyrethrum and fusion-derived calli F46B and F46C. Volatile compounds, such as decadienal, artedouglasia oxide, heptadecane, syringaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol, analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, were found only in the protoplast fusion-derived calli F43A and F46B. Several less volatile compounds were also detected only in fusion calli. Hexadecanoic and linoleic acids were common to fusion-derived calli and tansy, and one unknown compound to fusion-derived calli and pyrethrum. Pyrethrins I and II were detected from pyrethrum, but not from the fusion-derived calli. The additive nuclear DNA content of protoplast fusion-derived calli and the results of the RAPDs suggest that interspecific fusions had occurred. The small number of volatile compounds detected from both the fusion calli and from the donor species indicates that the unorganized callus tissue is unable to produce tissue-specific volatile compounds.://000081124700018-210VE Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:59 0040-5752ISI:000081124700018Keskitalo, M Agr Res Ctr, Plant Prod Res, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Univ Helsinki, Dept Plant Prod, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland Univ Laval, Dept Sci & Technol Aliments, Quebec City, PQ G1K P4, Canada Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USAEnglish |74Sparrow, L. A. Cotching, W. E. Cooper, J. Rowley, W.1999IAttributes of Tasmanian ferrosols under different agricultural management603-622#Australian Journal of Soil Research374organic carbon carbon fractions soil strength aggregate stability earthworms microbial biomass land management soil microbial biomass continuous cultivation conservation tillage organic-carbon krasnozems fertility queensland fractions profile matterAttributes of 25 Tasmanian ferrosols under 5 forms of management (low-input pasture, high-input pasture, intermittent cropping, continuous cropping, and pyrethrum production) were assessed using field and laboratory techniques, to see how these attributes changed as the intensity of land management increased. Among the most notable changes were soil organic carbon (C) in the top 150 mm, which was about 30% less in cropping and pyrethrum paddocks than pasture paddocks, and microbial biomass C, which was about 60% less. Earthworm numbers showed even greater differences, with virtually no earthworms under pyrethrum. Pasture soils had higher shear strength and water contents at the liquid limit in the top 150 mm, and more water-stable aggregates in the subsurface soil. Despite these differences, the absolute values of most attributes in cropping paddocks were of a magnitude, which suggests that Tasmanian ferrosols even under continuous cropping are still in good condition. This agreed with the views of the farmers, obtained by individual survey. The decrease in organic C in the cropped soils has not decreased the effective cation exchange capacity, probably because their higher pH due to liming has compensated. Because ferrosols with organic C contents of 1-2% elsewhere in Australia have been shown to have serious management limitations, we need to know by how much the organic C contents in Tasmanian ferrosols will continue to decrease under intensive cropping to predict whether they might surer in a similar way.://000080844700002.205WZ Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:46 0004-9573ISI:000080844700002Sparrow, LA Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, POB 46, Kings Meadows, Tas 7249, Australia Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Kings Meadows, Tas 7249, Australia Dept Primary Ind Water & Environm, Devonport, Tas 7310, AustraliaEnglish{|73Shene, C. Petit-Breuihl, X. Inostroza, X. Bravo, S.1999cDrying kinetics of Chrysanthemus cinerariaefolium flowers and pyrethrin content decay during drying925-935Drying Technology174-5%drying model thermosensitive compoundThe external mechanisms that control drying rate are basically fixed by the operating conditions of the dryer being-the temperature of the drying air the most important one. The final content of thermosensitive compounds is also determined by this condition and this is why the final quality of the product and the operating conditions are inter-related. The example of this phenomenon is the processing of pyrethrum. The organic compounds extracted from the Chrysanthemus cinerariaefolium flowers are called pyrethrins, which is the most ancient known natural insecticide. In this work, results obtained from the experimental drying of Chrysanthemus cinerariaefolium flowers are presented. Also, the influence of the drying air temperature on the pyrethrin content is established. The experimental data were used to derive a mathematical model that describes the drying rate and degradation kinetics.://000080188000019,194JB Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:3 0737-3937ISI:000080188000019vShene, C Univ La Frontera, Dept Chem Engn, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile Univ La Frontera, Dept Chem Engn, Temuco, ChileEnglish4|76Kumar, A. Sharma, V. P. Sumodan, P. K. Thavaselvam, D.1998Field trials of biolarvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis strain 164 and the larvivorous fish Aplocheilus blocki against Anopheles stephensi for malaria control in Goa, India457-4624Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association144bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis anopheles stephensi malaria transmission larvivorous fish malaria control vector control field trials biolarvicides biological controlDecSevere outbreaks of malaria occurred in the coastal villages of the Candolim Primary Health Centre (PHC) of Goa, India, in 1993 and 1994. These outbreaks were associated with accelerated construction activity with an influx of migrant laborers. The weekly application of Bacillus thuringiensis var, israelensis (B.t.i.) strain 164 at 1 g/m(2) and introduction of the indigenous larvivorous fish Aplocheilus blocki in major breeding habitats of Anopheles srephensi replaced ongoing DDT spraying and pyrethrum fogging in June 1994. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of B.t.i. and larvivorous fish on An. stephensi and subsequent transmission of malaria in the Candolim PHC, Goa, India. In 1995 the populations of An. stephensi in larger habitats (habitats with immatures: t = 5.19, P = 0.0017; immature density: t = 3.57, P = 0.007) and smaller habitats (habitats with immature: t = 3.86, P = 0.005; immature density: t = 4.93, P = 0.002) and malaria incidence declined substantially (malaria cases: chi(2) = 712, P < 0.001; slide positivity rate: chi(2) = 10.36, P < 0.001; annual parasite index; chi(2) = 15.1, P < 0.001), whereas the incidence of malaria continued to increase in other nearby towns.://000079013600016.174BE Times Cited:12 Cited References Count:11 8756-971XISI:000079013600016Kumar, A ICMR, Malaria Res Ctr, Field Stn, Directorate Hlth Serv Bldg, Panaji 403001, Goa, India ICMR, Malaria Res Ctr, Field Stn, Directorate Hlth Serv Bldg, Panaji 403001, Goa, India ICMR, Malaria Res Ctr, Delhi 110092, IndiaEnglishO|7eJohnston, J. J. Furcolow, C. A. Volz, S. A. Mauldin, R. E. Primus, T. M. Savarie, P. J. Brooks, J. E.19997Quantitation of pyrethrum residues in brown tree snakes5-10"Journal of Chromatographic Science371natural pyrethrinsJan://000078053900002.157GV Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:26 0021-9665ISI:000078053900002Johnston, JJ USDA, APHIS, SW, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USAEnglish|7>Lochouarn, L. Dia, I. Boccolini, D. Coluzzi, M. Fontenille, D.1998KBionomical and cytogenetic heterogeneities of Anopheles funestus in Senegal607-612BTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene926malaria plasmodium falciparum blood meal anopheles funestus genetics chromosomal polymorphism senegal linked immunosorbent-assay malaria identification arabiensis culicidae diptera vector africa elisa kenyaNov-Dec<Malaria transmission by Anopheles funestus was investigated from May 1994 to September 1997 in different locations from western to eastern Senegal along the northern border of The Gambia. 10515 A. funestus were captured on human volunteers or by indoor pyrethrum spraying. Circumsporozoite protein rates showed that A. funestus had a high infection rate, 2-7%, in the whole of the study area. Analysis of feeding behaviour showed great variation of anthropophilic rates from western Senegal, where populations were highly anthropophilic, to eastern Senegal, where they were much more zoophilic. In eastern Senegal many females captured in bedrooms had fed outside on horses. Polytene chromosome analysis showed that the general pattern of karyotype distribution is consistent with the hypothesis of 3 chromosomally differentiated populations of A. funestus. In samples from a central part of the study area, analysis showed lack of karyotype intergradation with a deficit of heterokaryotypes, suggesting the presence of 2 genetically differentiated populations in an area of sympatry.://000077828000008.153HT Times Cited:23 Cited References Count:28 0035-9203ISI:000077828000008Lochouarn, L ORSTOM, Inst Pasteur, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Lab Zool Med, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal ORSTOM, Inst Pasteur, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Lab Zool Med, Dakar, Senegal Univ Rome La Sapienza, Ist Parassitol, Rome, ItalyEnglish|78Mbaria, J. M. Maitho, T. E. Mitema, E. S. Muchiri, D. J.1998`Comparative efficacy of pyrethrum marc with albendazole against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes17-22%Tropical Animal Health and Production301FebThe efficacies of pyrethrum mare and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%)). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.://000165535800004-V2636 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:10 0049-4747ISI:000165535800004Mbaria, JM Univ Nairobi, Fac Vet Med, Dept Publ Hlth Pharmacol & Toxicol, POB 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Univ Nairobi, Fac Vet Med, Dept Publ Hlth Pharmacol & Toxicol, Nairobi, KenyaEnglish |7YRobert, V. Dieng, H. Lochouarn, L. Traore, S. F. Trape, J. F. Simondon, F. Fontenille, D.1998.Transmission of malaria around Niakhar, Sengal667-677(Tropical Medicine & International Health38malaria transmission vector biology anopheles arabiensis anopheles gambiae senegal anopheles-gambiae complex senegal river basin west-africa identification area culicidae vaccine diptera kenya efficacyAugThe anopheline bioecology and the malaria transmission were studied from January to December 1995 in three villages of the sahelian rural area of Niakhar, Senegal. This area of 29 000 inhabitants, has been for several decades, a regional observatory for population and health. The three methods used fur collecting mosquitoes were the collection at larval stages, the all night human biting collection, and the pyrethrum spray catch in houses during afternoons. The anophelines collected were, by numerical importance: Anopheles arabiensis, An. rufipes, An. gambine, An. pharoensis, An. funestus and An. coustani. In the An. gambiae complex, An. arabiensis represented 97% of man biting females and 98% of half gravid resting females (difference not significant); the other reminding species of this complex was always An. gambiae. These two species belonging to the An. gambine complex were responsible for the totality of the transmission. The anthropophilic index, obtained from half gravid indoor resting An. gambiae s.l., was 83%. The annual biting rate of An. gambiae s.l. varied from 512 to 1558 bites per man per night, depending on the villages. Vectors were observed all pear long but their densities were low during the dry season. Vector population presented a notable increase due to the rains, with a maximum of about 10 bites per man per night in September or at the beginning of October; during September the biting rate represented 48% of the annual biting rare. The sporozoitic index of An. gambiae s.l., obtained by ELISA revealing the circumsporozoite protein, was 1.6% for human biting females and 1.8% for half-gravid resting females (difference not significant). Plasmodium falciparum was the only plasmodial species observed among infected anophelines. The annual transmission in the two villages representative of the Niakhar area were 9 and 12 bites of infected anophelines per mail. occurring mainly from August to October In the third village, not representative of the area regarding permanent breeding places, the transmission was 26 bites of infected anopheline per man per year. These results were discussed in the Senegambian and sahelian contexts.://000075693400009.115YF Times Cited:40 Cited References Count:27 1360-2276ISI:0000756934000093Robert, V ORSTOM, Lab Paludol, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal ORSTOM, Lab Paludol, Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat, Dakar, Senegal Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Fac Sci & Tech, Dept Biol Anim, Dakar, Senegal Ecole Natl Med & Pharm, Dept Epidemiol Affect Parasitaires, Bamako, MaliFrench|7-Egwunyenga, O. A. Alo, E. B. Nmorsi, O. P. G.1998Laboratory evaluation of the repellency of Dennettia tripetala baker (Anonaceae) to Dermestes maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera : Dermestidae)195-199#Journal of Stored Products Research342-3ydennettia tripetala dermestes maculatus repellency seed extracts aphanamixis-polystachya antifeedants protectants storageApr-JulThe repellency of Dennettia tripetala Baker powder and acetone, ethanol and water extracts to larvae of the leather beetle, Dermestes maculatus, was evaluated and compared with that of a pyrethrum standard, Dennettia seed powder showed higher repellency than pyrethrum. Acetone and ethanol extracts were good repellents to D. maculatus, giving at least repellency class III (40.1%-60% repellency), the standard for promising repellents, in filter paper tests up to 4 weeks after treatment. Water extracts did not meet the minimum requirement for good repellents. The prospects for use of Dennettia seeds in the protection of smoked fish in storage in Nigeria are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000074540000013-Zx651 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:16 0022-474XISI:000074540000013Egwunyenga, OA Delta State Univ, Dept Zool, Abraka, Nigeria Delta State Univ, Dept Zool, Abraka, Nigeria Fed Univ TEchnol, Dept Biol Sci, Yola, Nigeria Edo State Univ, Dept Zool, Ekpoma, NigeriaEnglish?|7Tvan der Hoek, W. Konradsen, F. Dijkstra, D. S. Amerasinghe, P. H. Amerasinghe, F. P.1998PRisk factors for malaria: a microepidemiological study in a village in Sri Lanka265-269BTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene923malaria plasmodium falciparum plasmodium vivax anopheles culicifacies epidemiology risk factors sri lanka prevalence infections gambiaMay-JunEnvironmental and socioeconomic risk factors for malaria were studied in a village in Sri Lanka. Over a period of one year, all 49 households in the village were visited every alternate day to obtain information on malaria episodes. Information on risk factors was obtained through questionnaires and direct observations. Age below 17 years (relative risk [RR]=1.66, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18-2.35), use of bed nets (RR=0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.45) and traditional fumigants (RR=0.58, 95% CI 1.37-0.93) were independent predictors of malaria. People using anti-mosquito pyrethrum coils had a higher risk for malaria than people living in houses where they were not used (RR=1.46, 95% CI 1.03-2.07).The build-up of Anopheles culicifacies populations before the start of the transmission season had taken place in a stream near the village. Living close to the stream was a risk factor for malaria early in the transmission season, although this did not reach statistical significance (comparing <250 m with >500 m, RR=2.13, 95% CI 0.96-4.71).://000074322800006.Zv615 Times Cited:20 Cited References Count:17 0035-9203ISI:000074322800006van der Hoek, W Int Irrigat Management Inst, POB 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Int Irrigat Management Inst, Colombo, Sri Lanka Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Wageningen, Netherlands Univ Peradeniya, Fac Sci, Dept Zool, Peradeniya, Sri LankaEnglish:|7&Zang, X. J. Fukuda, E. K. Rosen, J. D.1998JMultiresidue analytical procedure for insecticides used by organic farmers 2206-2210*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry466#organic farming sabadilla veratridine cevadine ryania dehydroryanodine ryanodine rotenone pyrethrum pyrethrin i pyrethrin ii piperonyl butoxide high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (apci/lcms) rotenoneJunA multiresidue procedure for the insecticides used by organic farmers has been developed. Rotenone, cevadine, and veratridine (the major components of sabadilla), pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II (the major components of pyrethrum), and ryanodine and dehydroryanodine (the major components of ryania) can be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected and quantified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. Piperonyl butoxide, a material sometimes used together with rotenone or pyrethrum to enhance toxicity, can also be detected and quantified by this procedure. The analytes are extracted with acetonitrile/water and are cleaned up with a C-18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Rotenone, piperonyl butoxide, and the two major sabadilla components could be detected (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) in lettuce, cucumber, and cabbage at 1-6 ppb. Pyrethrin I and the ryania components could be detected between 10 and 171 ppb in these vegetables, whereas pyrethrin II was generally less sensitive, with a limit of detection as high as 200 ppb in cabbage. Recoveries were in the 72-124% range. Percent coefficients of variation ranged from 2 to 17.://000074277800024-Zv177 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:11 0021-8561ISI:000074277800024Rosen, JD Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Food Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Food Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Ctr Adv Food Technol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USAEnglishY|7DMutero, C. M. Ouma, J. H. Agak, B. K. Wanderi, J. A. Copeland, R. S.1998aMalaria prevalence and use of self-protection measures against mosquitoes in Suba district, Kenya11-15East African Medical Journal751vector control netsJanMalaria prevalence and status among other diseases were assessed in Suba District, Kenya, using data from past parasitological surveys and hospital records of clinically-diagnosed cases. A short prospective survey was also carried out to determine the methods people used for self protection against mosquito bites. Malaria was the leading cause of morbidity, constituting 42-48% of all illnesses clinically diagnosed at two health centres over a two-year period. Other common endemic diseases included infections of the upper respiratory and urinary tracts. The highest monthly number of malaria cases were recorded in July of each year. Malaria parasite rates in blood samples from people examined at 14 screening centres ranged from 24.4% to 99% over a distance of about 25 kilometres, The most popular method of self-protection against mosquitoes was mosquito nets followed by mosquito (pyrethrum-based) coils. Other methods included insecticidal sprays and smoke from plants traditionally associated with mosquito repellence.://000074091200004.Zt471 Times Cited:25 Cited References Count:14 0012-835XISI:000074091200004Mutero, CM Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, POB 30772, Nairobi, Kenya Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Nairobi, Kenya Minist Hlth, Div Vector Borne Dis, Nairobi, Kenya Div Vector Borne Dis, Kisumu, KenyaEnglish|7Meek, C. L. Meisch, M. V.1997_Resistance in a Louisiana strain of Culex quinquefasciatus to selected Fyfanon (R) formulations449-452Southwestern Entomologist224DecTwo Louisiana strains of Culex quinquefasciatus (Denham Springs and Lake Charles) were held in screened cages mounted on stakes and exposed to ground ULV applications of malathion from a truck-mounted cold fog generator. Three formulations of malathion were evaluated in the field tests: 1)Fyfanon(R) ULV (95% malathion); 2) Mix (95% malathion + 0.5% natural pyrethrum + 2.5% piperonyl butoxide); and 3) Ready To Use (RTU) 4606 (95% malathion + 1.0% unsynergized natural pyrethrum). Significantly greater mortality (p<0.05) was observed in the Denham Springs strain at 1, 12, and 24 hr post-treatment for all formulations as compared with the Lake Charles strain. With the exception of the 24 hrs posttreatment for the Denham Springs strain, the Mix formulation provided significantly greater (p<0.05) adult control at all post-treatment evaluation periods for both mosquito strains. At 24 hrs post-treatment for the Denham Springs strain, Fyfanon provided as effective control as the Mix formulation (93% and 95%, respectively). No test formulation provided effective control beyond 30.5 m from the spray route. Although initial knockdown was poor, malathion and the Mix formulations did provide excellent control at 24 hrs post-treatment.://000073960900008,Zr306 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:4 0147-1724ISI:000073960900008Meek, CL Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USAEnglish|7(Nguyen, K. T. Moorman, R. Kuykendall, V.1998Determination of N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide, pyrethrins, and butylcarbityl 6-propylpiperonyl ether in technical materials, concentrates, and finished products by capillary gas chromatography: Collaborative study503-512Journal of Aoac International813May-JunNineteen collaborating laboratories (including the authors') analyzed 6 blind, duplicate pairs of various technical materials, pyrethrum extracts, concentrates, and finished products by split injection capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection. This procedure simultaneously quantitates with speed, ease, accuracy, and precision ail 6 insecticidal compounds in pyrethrum: pyrethrin I, jasmolin I, cinerin I, pyrethrin II, jasmolin II, and cinerin II, as well as butylcarbityl 6-propylpiperonyl ether (BPE, the predominant compound in technical piperonyl butoxide, also commonly known as piperonyl butoxide) and both the endo and exo isomers of N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK 264). Repeatability ranged from 4.28 to 7.22% for total pyrethrins, from 2.41 to 7.04% for BPE, and from 2.20 to 4.91% for total MGK 264, Reproducibility ranged from 5.22 to 9.71% for total pyrethrins, from 4.37 to 7.04% for BPE, and from 2.66 to 6.01% for total MGK 264. The capillary GC method for these insecticidal compounds in technical materials, concentrates, and finished products has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.://000073585100003-Zm875 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:19 1060-3271ISI:000073585100003Nguyen, KT Sandoz Agro Inc, Div Anim Hlth, 12200 Denton Dr, Dallas, TX 75234 USA Sandoz Agro Inc, Div Anim Hlth, Dallas, TX 75234 USAEnglishy|7(Coomber, D. C. Tucker, D. J. Bond, A. M.1998`Electrochemical oxidation of pyrethroid insecticides at glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile163-172Electroanalysis103pyrethroid insecticides glassy carbon electrodes acetonitrile cyclic voltammetry chemical oxidation mass-spectrometry anodic-oxidation tetramethrin metabolism potentials residues products ecdFebThe electrochemical oxidation of the natural pyrethrins las pyrethrum extract, pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II) and 15 synthetic pyrethroid insecticides is reported. All pyrethroids may be irreversibly oxidized at glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile solutions under conditions of cyclic voltammetry. Comparison of voltammograms of the pyrethroids and model compounds indicate common oxidation pathways exist for structurally related compounds containing chrysanthemate and/or phenoxybenzyl moieties.;. However, on the time scale of bulk oxidative controlled potential electrolysis, a wide range of producers are formed and the overall reaction schemes for oxidation of the compounds are complex.://000073192400003-Zj229 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:48 1040-0397ISI:000073192400003Bond, AM Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia Deakin Univ, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Geelong, Vic 3217, AustraliaEnglishg|7 Pethybridge, S. J. Wilson, C. R.1998<Confirmation of ray blight disease of pyrethrum in Australia45-48Australasian Plant Pathology271Isolations from affected plant parts of pyrethrum exhibiting flower bud abortion and necrotic symptoms consistently yielded a Phoma sp., identified as the anamorph of Didymella ligulicola, the causal agent of ray blight of chrysanthemum. Pathogenicity of both mycelial and conidial inoculum of the isolated fungus to pyrethrum was proven. Infection of stem pieces occurred by direct penetration of the fungal hyphae with invasion being both inter-and intracellular. Infection was associated with red pigmentation and cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions of host tissues. This is the first confirmed record of this disease of pyrethrum in Australia.://000073009000005.Zg491 Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:12 0815-3191ISI:000073009000005Wilson, CR Univ Tasmania, Sch Agr Sci, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Univ Tasmania, Sch Agr Sci, Tasmanian Inst Agr Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, AustraliaEnglish |72Bogh, C. Pedersen, E. M. Mukoko, D. A. Ouma, J. H.1998yPermethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behaviour of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in Kenya52-59!Medical and Veterinary Entomology121>anopheles funestus anopheles gambiae culex quinquefasciatus permethrin-impregnated bednets lymphatic filariasis filariasis vectors mosquito resting and feeding behaviour vector control kenya anopheles-gambiae complex west-africa targeted chemoprophylaxis malaria vectors rural area impact trial nets mortality districtJanThe impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on resting and feeding behaviour of mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti, causing human lymphatic filariasis was studied in six pairs of villages (treated and untreated) before and after intervention. The study villages were in Kwale District, near the coast of Kenya, where Bancroftian filariasis is highly endemic, transmitted by a combination of both anopheline and culicine mosquito vectors, Mosquitoes were collected weekly in each village, indoors (using pyrethrum spray catches) and outdoors (using pit traps) during 3-4 months following the long rainy season, Of the filariasis vector species of mosquitoes collected in 1994 before intervention, 33.6% were members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, 30% were An. funestus and 36.4% were Culex quinquefasciatus. PCR analysis of the An. gambiae complex species collected in 1995 demonstrated that 98.5% were An. gambiae sensu stricto, 1% An. arabiensis and 0.5% An. merus. Introduction of impregnated bednets in 1995 significantly reduced the number of indoor-resting An. gambiae s.l. by 94.6% and All. funestus by 96.7%, but there was no change in the number of Cx quinquefasciatus collected indoors. The number of outdoor-resting An. gambiae s.l. was significantly reduced, whereas densities of An. funestus and Cx quinquefasciatus remained unaffected outdoors, ELISA analysis of mosquito bloodmeals showed a shift from human to animal feeding after the introduction of treated nets. The human blood index (HBI) for indoor resting Cs quinquefasciatus was reduced from 93.1% to 14.4%. Vector potential based on the HBI and mosquito density was estimated to be reduced by 99% for An. gambiae s.l., 98% for An. funestus and 97% for Cx quinquefasciatus and vectorial capacity would be suppressed even more by the impact on the vector survival rates (not measured). These results suggest that permethrin-impregnated bednets give effective personal protection against transmission of W. bancrofti by An. gambiae, An. funestus and Cx quinquefasciatus in East Africa.://000072181000007.Yy755 Times Cited:44 Cited References Count:32 0269-283XISI:000072181000007Pedersen, EM Danish Bilharziasis Lab, Jaegersborg Alle 1D, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Danish Bilharziasis Lab, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Minist Hlth, Div Vector Borne Dis, Nairobi, KenyaEnglish|75Mwandawiro, C. S. Fujimaki, Y. Mitsui, Y. Katsivo, M.1997CMosquito vectors of Bancroftian filariasis in Kwale district, Kenya288-293East African Medical Journal745 complex coastMayA total of 2,906 female mosquitoes were collected over a period of one year using pyrethrum spray-sheet and human bait methods, and dissected for filaria larvae in three hinterland villages of coastal Kenya, The dominant species, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus were also found to be the main vectors. From the spray catch collections 0,9 and 1 Cx, quinquefasciatus, An. gambiae and An. funestus out of 491, 708 and 403 respectively were infective, In the same order, 4, 2 and 2 out of 512, 196 and 180 from human bait collections were infective. The results indicate that Cx.quinquefasciatus is also an important vector in this area contrary to same previous findings that it played no important role in rural hinterland areas, Differences in the results from the human bait and spray catch methods have been pointed out and the advantage of using both methods in filarial surveys indicated.://000071088800006-Ym678 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:17 0012-835XISI:000071088800006Mwandawiro, CS Nagasaki Univ, Inst Trop Med, Dept Entomol, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852, Japan Kenya Med Res Inst, Med Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya Nagasaki Univ, Inst Trop Med, Dept Parasitol, Nagasaki 852, JapanEnglishN|7 Isman, M. B.1997DNeem and other botanical insecticides: Barriers to commercialization339-344Phytoparasitica254Ubotanical insecticides neem azadirachtin pyrethrum pesticide registration antifeedantIn spite of the wide recognition that many plants possess insecticidal properties, only a handful of pest control products directly obtained from plants, i.e., botanical insecticides, are in use in developed countries. The demonstrated efficacy of the botanical neem (based on seed kernel extracts of Azadirachta indica), and its recent approval for use in the United States, has stimulated research and development of other botanical insecticides. However, the commercialization of new botanical insecticides can be hindered by a number of issues. The principal barriers to commercialization of new botanicals are (i) scarcity of the natural resource; (ii) standardization and quality control; and (iii) registration. These issues are no problem (i) or considerably less of a problem (ii, iii) with conventional insecticides. In this review I discuss these issues and suggest how the problems may be overcome in the future.://A1997XY77100011.Xy771 Times Cited:21 Cited References Count:16 0334-2123ISI:A1997XY77100011JIsman, MB Univ British Columbia,Dept Plant Sci,Vancouver,Bc V6t 1z4,CanadaEnglishN|7Moorman, R. Nguyen, K. T.1997SIdentification and quantitation of the six active compounds in a pyrethrin standard966-973Journal of Aoac International805Sep-OctSix biologically active insecticidal compounds in pyrethrum extract-pyrethrin I (Py I), jasmolin I (J I), cinerin I(C I), pyrethrin II (Py II), jasmolin II (J II), and cinerin II (C II) - have been identified and quantitated using a procedure combining the modified version of the AOAC mercury reduction Method 936.05 and capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC with mass selective detection, and GC with infrared detection. This method involves hydrolysis of pyrethrum extract and subsequent measurement of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. Mass and infrared spectra are used to identify the 6 active compounds, and GC-FID is used to determine their purities. The use of this characterized standard is limited to a proposed capillary GC AOAC method that quantitates N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK264), pyrethrin, and butylcarbityl 6-propylpiperonyl ether (BPE) in technical materials, concentrates, and certain finished products.://A1997XY20800010-Xy208 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:21 1060-3271ISI:A1997XY208000107Moorman, R Wellmark Int,12200 Denton Dr,Dallas,Tx 75234English0|7Thangam, T. S. Kathiresan, K.1997Mosquito larvicidal activity of mangrove plant extracts and synergistic activity of Rhizophora apiculata with pyrethrum against Culex quinquefasciatus69-71&International Journal of Pharmacognosy3513mosquito larvicides mangrove plants pyrethrum culexJanPlant samples were collected from 15 mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina. A. officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora apiculata, R. Lamarckii, R. mucronata, Salicornia brachiata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia apetala, Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and Xylocarpus granatum. The 22 samples were extracted in acetone and petroleum ether separately, and the extracts were tested for their activity against the larvae of mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Petroleum ether extract of R. apiculata was found most effective with LC50 of 25.7 mg/l. The extract was studied further with pyrethrum for its synergistic larvicidal activity. The extract exhibited synergism and the synergistic factor was 0.81 at 5 mg/l.://A1997XV88300013-Xv883 Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:17 0925-1618ISI:A1997XV88300013NAnnamalai Univ,Ctr Adv Study Marine Biol,Parangipettai 608502,Tamil Nadu,IndiaEnglish3|7*Antonious, G. F. Byers, M. E. Kerst, W. C.1997LResidue levels of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide in soil and runoff water621-644gJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes325total pyrethrins pbo spe cartridge hplc persistence rainfall simulation pirimiphos-methyl methamidophos pesticides acephate cucumber pepperSimultaneous analysis of pyrethrins (Py-I and Py-II) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in soil and runoff water samples following field application of new pyrethrum formulation containing pyrethrins (Py's) and PBO is described. Residues of total Py's and PBO were extracted from soil samples using hexane-acetone (9:1). A solid phase extraction (SPE) column containing C-18-octadecyl bonded silica was used to separate Py's and PBO residues from runoff water. Residues in soil and water were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with C-18-column and a UV detector. Concentration of Py-IT in soil was 100 times higher than that of Py-I Ih following treatment and 9.6 times higher than in runoff surface water 11 days following treatment. Results indicated that Py's are non-persistent in soil (even though lipophillic) and water when applied at the recommended rate of 6 Ibs (5.31 g A.I.) per acre. There was a consistent decrease in total Py's residues as time after spraying increased. Py's residues in soil decreased from 0.91 to 0.11 ppm 4 days following treatment and one month after treatment only 0.002 ppm were detected. The highest concentration of Py's in runoff water was 36.09 ng/liter following the first rainfall ill days following treatment). PBO initial residues detected in soil samples were low (0.84 mu g/g soil) while no residues of PBO were detected in runoff water.://A1997XT12200002-Xt122 Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:24 0360-1234ISI:A1997XT12200002Antonious, GF Kentucky State Univ,Community Res Serv,Dept Plant & Soil Sci,Atwood Res Facil,Frankfort,Ky 40601 Organ Solut Co,San Antonio,Tx 78230English |7gLemasson, J. J. Fontenille, D. Lochouarn, L. Dia, I. Simard, F. Ba, K. Diop, A. Diatta, M. Molez, J. F.1997Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An-arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal396-403Journal of Medical Entomology344anopheles gambiae anopheles arabiensis malaria transmission bloodmeal sources population dynamics senegal linked immunosorbent-assay west-africa dry season malaria vectors complex diptera identification kenya population transmission elisaJulThe ecology, population dynamics, and malaria vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis were studied for 2 yr in a Sahelian village of Senegal. Anophelines were captured at human bait and resting indoors by pyrethrum spray. Mosquitoes belonging to the An. gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Of 26,973 females, An. arabiensis represented 79% of the mosquitoes captured and remained in the study area longer than An. gambiae after the rains terminated. There were no differences in nocturnal biting cycles or endophagous rates between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. Based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test of bloodmeals, the anthropophilic rate of these 2 vectors were both approximate to 60%, when comparisons were made during the same period. Overall, 18% of the resting females had patent mixed bloodmeals, mainly human-bovine. The parity rates of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis varied temporally. Despite similar behavior, the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) rates were different between An. gambiae (4.1%) and An. arabiensis (1.3%). P. malariae and P. ovale only represented 4% of the total Plasmodium identified in mosquitoes. Transmission was seasonal, occurring mainly during 4 mo. The CSP entomological inoculation rates were 128 bites per human per year for the 1st yr and 100 for the 2nd yr. Because of the combination of a high human biting rate and a low CSP rate, An. arabiensis accounted for 63% of transmission. Possible origin of differences in CSP rate between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis is discussed in relation to the parity rate, blood feeding frequency and the hypothesis of genetic factors.://A1997XK08000004.Xk080 Times Cited:40 Cited References Count:32 0022-2585ISI:A1997XK08000004xInst Pasteur,Orstom,Inst Francais Rech Sci Dev Cooperat,Dakar,Senegal Unic Cheikh Anta Diop,Dept Biol Anim,Dakar,SenegalEnglish;|7(Coomber, D. C. Tucker, D. J. Bond, A. M.1997LElectrochemical reduction of pyrethroid insecticides in non-aqueous solvents63-73&Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry4261-2<pyrethrins reduction insecticides phthalimide esterificationApr 154The pyrethrins (as pyrethrum extract), pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, allethrin and tetramethrin may be reduced in acetonitrile and methanol at mercury and glassy carbon electrodes. In contrast, no well-defined electrochemical processes were observed for phenothrin, bionsmethrin or permethrin. With the exception of the initial, reversible reduction response of tetramethrin in acetonitrile, the reduction processes are irreversible on the voltammetric timescale. Under conditions of controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) and in acetonitrile, the initial reduction of tetramethrin to the anion radical is followed by ester cleavage to yield the chrysanthemate anion as the major product. Evidence is also observed in acetonitrile for ester cleavage following reductive bulk electrolysis of allethrin and pyrethrum extract. In methanol and acetonitrile solutions containing phenol, tetramethrin is reduced in an irreversible two-electron process on both voltammetric and CPE timescales, and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide chrysanthemate is obtained as the major product. No products were identified following CPE of allethrin or pyrethrum extract in methanol. A method for the determination of allethrin in an insecticide formulation containing permethrin was developed using the reduction response at a glassy carbon electrode and the technique of differential pulse voltammetry, after simple dilution of the formulation in acetonitrile. An allethrin concentration of 2.8 +/- 0.2 gl(-1) was obtained compared with the manufacturer's stated value of 3.0 gl(-1).(C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.://A1997XH71100011.Xh711 Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:39 0022-0728ISI:A1997XH71100011sMonash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia Deakin Univ, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Geelong, Vic 3217, AustraliaEnglishC|7>Wang, I. H. Subramanian, V. Moorman, R. Burleson, J. Ko, J. R.1997Direct determination of pyrethrins in pyrethrum extracts by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection277-281Journal of Chromatography A7661-2pyrethrins pesticidesApr 4RA simple, rapid method for the direct determination of six pyrethrin esters in pyrethrum extracts by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection has been described. The separation of the six esters was based on a binary mobile phase optimization, temperature control and the use of a C-8 octyl column with 5-mu m particles. Diode array detection and quantitation were selectively performed at 230 and 240 nm. The method demonstrated acceptable linearity, specificity, limit of sensitivity for the determination of six pyrethrin esters in pyrethrum extracts.://A1997WZ34500032.Wz345 Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:15 0021-9673ISI:A1997WZ345000328Wang, IH Sandoz Agro Inc,12200 Denton Dr,Dallas,Tx 75234English7|7&BergerPreiss, E. Levsen, K. Preiss, A.1997HAnalysis of individual natural pyrethrins in indoor matrices by HRGC/ECD284-288-Hrc-Journal of High Resolution Chromatography205whrgc/ecd hplc separation h-1-nmr quantitation calibration standards individual components of pyrethrins indoor matricesMay An HRGC/ECD method is presented which permits the identification and quantitation of individual components of pyrethrins (cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II, pyrethrin II) in indoor matrices (airborne particles, house dust) after application of an agent containing pyrethrum. In order to prepare calibration standards for the individual components of the pyrethrum extract, the pyrethrins were isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and their content and purity were determined by H-1-NMR spectroscopy.://A1997XB00300007.Xb003 Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:10 0935-6304ISI:A1997XB00300007aBergerPreiss, E Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Aerosol Res,Nikolai Fuchs Str 1,D-3000 Hannover,GermanyEnglish|7/Toscano, N. C. Yoshida, H. A. Henneberry, T. J.1997ZResponses to azadirachtin and pyrethrum by two species of Bemisia (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)583-589Journal of Economic Entomology902bemisia argentifolii bemisia tabaci azadirachtin pyrethrum repellent tabaci homoptera sweetflag oil turmeric oil neem oil identification populations insecticide poinsettia resistance coleopteraAprThe effects of pyrethrum and azadirachtin on the ovipositional responses of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were determined in the laboratory. Choice and no-choice tests revealed that neither B. argentifolii nor B. tabaci females preferred to alight and oviposit on bean plants treated with pyrethrum. In contrast, the number of B. argentifolii females that alighted on control versus azadirachtin-treated plants was not significantly different in all but 1 instance. When given a choice, significantly fewer B. tabaci females landed on azadirachtin-treated plants at observation hours 6, 8, and 24. In no-choice trials, numbers of B. tabaci females alighting on control versus azadirachtin-treated plants were equivalent throughout the entire test period. Moreover, although B. argentifolii oviposited equal numbers of eggs on control and azadirachtin-treated plants in choice and no-choice trials, B. tabaci females laid significantly fewer eggs on plants treated with azadirachtin. Percentage nymphal establishment of B. argentifolii on control versus azadirachtin-treated plants was not significantly different in choice and no-choice trials. Although the percentages of established B. tabaci nymphs were the same on control and azadirachtin-treated plants in the no-choice test, a significantly lower percentage of nymphs were found on treated plants in the choice trials.://A1997WZ03600050-Wz036 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:29 0022-0493ISI:A1997WZ03600050@Toscano, NC Univ Calif Riverside,Dept Entomol,Riverside,Ca 92521English >|7yFontenille, D. Lochouarn, L. Diagne, N. Sokhna, C. Lemasson, J. J. Diatta, M. Konate, L. Faye, F. Rogier, C. Trape, J. F.1997High annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal247-2531American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene563linked immunosorbent-assay polymerase chain-reaction plasmodium-falciparum gambiae complex western kenya infected mosquitos burkina faso africa identification funestusMarWe conducted a three-year entomologic study in Dielmo, a village of 250 inhabitants in a holoendemic area for malaria in Senegal. Anophelines were captured on human bait and by pyrethrum spray collections. The mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction. Malaria vectors captured were An funestus, An. arabiensis, and An. gambiae. Anopheles funestus was the most abundant mosquito captured the first year, An. arabiensis in the following years. The annual entomologic inoculation rates calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were 238, 89, and 150 for the first, second, and third years, respectively. Each year there was a peak of transmission at the end of the rainy season, but transmission occurred year round. The heterogeneity of transmission was found at four different levels: 1) the relative vector proportion according to the place and method of capture, 2) the human biting rate and relative proportion of vectors by month and year, 3) the infection rate of each vector by year, and 4) the number of infected bites for all vectors, and for each species, for the year. Our data show that even in areas of intense and perennial transmission, there exist large longitudinal variations and strong heterogeneity in entomologic parameters of malaria transmission. It is important to take these into account for the study of the variations in clinical and biological parameters of human malaria, and to evaluate this relationship, a very thorough investigation of transmission is necessary.://A1997WW08700001.Ww087 Times Cited:67 Cited References Count:27 0002-9637ISI:A1997WW08700001Fontenille, D Orstom,Lab Zool Med,Bp 1386,Dakar,Senegal Inst Pasteur,Dakar,Senegal Univ Cheikh Anta Diop,Dept Biol Anim,Dakar,SenegalEnglish|7)Hammond, J. A. Fielding, D. Bishop, S. C.1997AProspects for plant anthelmintics in tropical veterinary medicine213-228"Veterinary Research Communications213Hanthelmintic ethnology herbal medicine phytotherapy plant efficacy sheepAprThe current use of anthelmintic plants in tropical veterinary medicine is reviewed and attention is drawn to the lack of scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many now in use. The case for anthelmintic plants as a means of overcoming some of the serious limitations of manufactured anthelmintics is outlined. Reasons why anthelmintic plants are not generally used in veterinary medicine, in contrast to their greater acceptance in human medicine, are considered. Strategies for their development and use are discussed, in particular the need for in vivo trials to identify those plants which are effective and suitable for general use: attention is drawn to possible candidates, including pyrethrum and papaya latex. Those helminths of most economic importance should be targeted first. Anthelmintic plants offer a traditional alternative to manufactured anthelmintics that is both sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Such plants could have a more important role in the future control of helminth infections in the tropics.://A1997WP17600006.Wp176 Times Cited:60 Cited References Count:40 0165-7380ISI:A1997WP17600006jHammond, JA Univ Edinburgh,Ctr Trop Vet Med,Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies,Roslin Eh25 9rg,Midlothian,ScotlandEnglish|7oMagbity, E. B. Marbiah, N. T. Maude, G. Curtis, C. F. Bradley, D. J. Greenwood, B. M. Petersen, E. Lines, J. D.1997oEffects of community-wide use of lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors in rural Sierra Leone79-86!Medical and Veterinary Entomology111anopheles gambiae malaria vector malaria control lambdacyhalothrin randomized trial bednets mass effect personal protection sierra leone anopheles-gambiae complex treated bed nets entomological evaluation burkina-faso area transmission insecticide trial population mosquitosJan.The effect of community-wide use of bednets treated with lambdacyhalothrin 10 mg/m(2) on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (forest form) was evaluated in Sierra Leone. Sixteen similar villages near the town of Bo were randomly allocated either to remain without nets or to receive treated bednets for all inhabitants, with effect from June 1992. Mosquitoes were sampled using human biting catches on verandas, light-trap catch (beside an occupied untreated bednet), window exit-trap catch and pyrethrum spray collections. During the first year of intervention (June 1992 to July 1993) the treated bednets provided personal protection for people sleeping under them, but had very little impact on densities of An.gambiae collected on human bait. The human blood index (HBI) of An.gambiae was not affected (HBI = 99% in villages with and without nets). An.gambiae parous rates were significantly reduced in all intervention villages, but malaria sporozoite rates fell in only some of the villages. These results are intermediate between those obtained from other projects in Tanzania and Burkina Faso, where treated bednets reduced man-biting, parity and sporozoite rates, versus The Gambia where treated bednets had no significant impact on any of these factors. Possible reasons for these contrasted findings are discussed.://A1997WK47000012.Wk470 Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:49 0269-283XISI:A1997WK47000012Magbity, EB Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med,Dept Med Parasitol,Keppel St,London Wc1e 7ht,England Med Res Ctr,Bo,Sierra Leone Mrc,Fajara,Gambia State Serum Inst,Dept Parasitol,Copenhagen,DenmarkEnglisho|7$Goncalo, S. Goncalo, M. Sequeira, J.19965Contact dermatitis to Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat)310-311Contact Dermatitis355 airborne allergic contact dermatitis dendranthema morifolium chrysanthemum parthenium chamomilla romana helianthus annuus dittrichia viscosa pyrethrum frullania dilatata laurus nobilis magnolia grandiflora sesquiterpene lactones compositae plants chrysanthemum allergyNov://A1996WB90300016-Wb903 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:12 0105-1873ISI:A1996WB90300016BGoncalo, S Hosp Univ Coimbra,Dermatol Clin,P-3000 Coimbra,PortugalEnglish|7Rutledge, L. C. Gupta, R. K.19966Reanalysis of the C. G. Macnay mosquito repellent data132-135Journal of Vector Ecology2127mosquitoes repellents mosquito repellents diptera modelDecData reported by C. G. MacNay on the protection periods of 38 repellents tested in the field against Aedes sticticus, Aedes stimulans, Aedes vexans, and Aedes trichuris in 1937 were reanalyzed by current methods. Protection periods decreased by 7.6 min. for each 1 degrees C increase in air temperature over the range 17-27 degrees C. Treatment means were adjusted to the 22.2 degrees C level to permit comparison of the treatments on an equal basis. Pyrethrum extract, pine tar oil distillate, thyme oil, thymol, and geraniol provided 3 or more hr. protection. Geranium oil, citronella oil, cedar oil, American pennyroyal oil, and camphor provided relatively short protection. Confidence limits and multiple comparison data are provided for the adjusted treatment means.://A1996WB04200005,Wb042 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:7 1081-1710ISI:A1996WB042000059Walter Reed Army Med Ctr,Dept Entomol,Washington,Dc 20307English|7&Wandahwa, P. VanRanst, E. VanDamme, P.1996vPyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis) cultivation in West Kenya: Origin, ecological conditions and management307-322Industrial Crops and Products54|pyrethrum ecological conditions agronomic practice research priority west kenya tanacetum-cinerariifolium yield soil achenesDecJPyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a small perennial plant commercially grown for extraction of natural pyrethrins used to make insecticides. This paper discusses the use and distribution of pyrethrum, the ecological requirements and agronomic practices in West Kenya, with emphasis on management constraints and further research. The responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are reviewed. These responses are not yet well understood and require further research. Diseases, pests and weeds of pyrethrum and their control are mentioned. Further research on application of herbicides is required. Farmers grow pyrethrum in less favourable climatic conditions. Yields are low and influenced by producer prices. Research should therefore focus on increasing yields and reducing labour demands without sacrificing the high pyrethrins' content typical for Kenyan pyrethrum. Model-oriented research on crop phenology, light interception, light use efficiency, biomass growth and partitioning and water use efficiency could shorten the duration and lower the costs of experiments in potential yield exploration when introducing pyrethrum among existing agricultural systems. Strong campaigns against synthetic insecticides that pollute the environment are required in order to increase pyrethrum demand, and thus production and use.://A1996WA02600007-Wa026 Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:61 0926-6690ISI:A1996WA02600007State Univ Ghent,Dept Soil Sci & Geol,Lab Soil Sci,B-9000 Ghent,Belgium State Univ Ghent,Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci,Dept Crop Prod,B-9000 Ghent,BelgiumEnglishS|7Fischer, A. B. Eikmann, T.19960Improper use of an insecticide at a kindergarten359-364Toxicology Letters881-32pyrethrum chlorpyriphos insecticides public healthNovIn a German kindergarten cockroaches were destroyed by a commercial firm. A preparation containing pyrethrum and its synergist piperonyl butoxide and the organic phosphorus pesticide chlorpyriphos was sprayed. While cleaning the roams, the staff complained of health effects. Thereupon the kindergarten was closed until further notice, samples were taken by the health authorities for chemical analysis, and an environmental medical evaluation was initiated. The analytical results are presented. The toxicological significance of the employed insecticides, their environmental persistence, and the problems associated with pest control in such institutions are discussed and recommendations given.://A1996VR05900054-Vr059 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:14 0378-4274ISI:A1996VR05900054PFischer, AB Univ Giessen,Inst Hyg & Environm Med,Friedrichstr 16,Giessen,GermanyEnglish|74Haunold, C. Gourdon, C. Casamatta, G. Boyadzhiev, L.1996^Effect of ultrasound application on pyrethrins extraction from Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium247-249)Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry244The effect of ultrasound (US) application on pyrethrins extraction from dried Pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium) is studied. Extraction experiments, using hexane as solvent, are carried out in two agitated glass extractors, equipped with: a) a central US generating probe and b) six lateral US emitters. It is found that the US application has positive effect, which is stronger than the effect of the temperature increase from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C, in particular during the initial extraction period. This is explained by the cavitation phenomena occurring in the particle pores. It is shown also, that the extraction efficiency is directly related to US energy input in the system and does not depend on the way the US vibrations are generated.://A1996VU55400002-Vu554 Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:16 0133-0276ISI:A1996VU55400002|Haunold, C Ecole Natl Super Ingn Genie Chim,F-31078 Toulouse,France Bulgarian Acad Sci,Inst Chem Engn,Bg-1113 Sofia,BulgariaEnglish|75Basset, Y. Samuelson, G. A. Allison, A. Miller, S. E.1996MHow many species of host-specific insects feed on a species of tropical tree?201-216)Biological Journal of the Linnean Society592beetles biodiversity chewing insects coleoptera host specificity papua new guinea species richness arthropod fauna rain-forests diversity richnessOctThe assumptions on the host specificity of beetles that led Terry Erwin to suggest that there may be over 30 million arthropod species were tested for 10 species of trees and their insect associates at a rainforest site in Papua New Guinea. The data included 391 species and 4696 individuals of herbivorous beetles collected during a one year period using hand collecting, beating, branch clipping, intercept flight traps and pyrethrum knockdown. Insect host specificity was assessed by feeding trials in captivity. The data suggest that between 23 and 37 monophagous leaf-feeding species are most likely to be present in this system, whereas Erwin's method yields an estimate of 138 monophagous species. The major factors responsible for the discrepancy between our observations and Erwin's assumptions appears to be (a) the importance of transient species; (b) the insect fauna that is shared among tree species; (c) some generalist wood-eating species may innate the apparent species richness of leaf-feeding beetles; and (d) the proportion of specialist species varies significantly among tree species. We conclude that studies reporting the proportion of specialist insect herbivores associated with particular tropical tree species will yield only a portion of the information needed to estimate global arthropod species richness, but may be useful for elucidating certain aspects of food-web ecology in tropical rain forests. (C) 1996 The Linnean Society of London://A1996VP32400005.Vp324 Times Cited:37 Cited References Count:42 0024-4066ISI:A1996VP324000056Bernice P Bishop Museum,Dept Nat Sci,Honolulu,Hi 96817Englishb|7Ameneshewa, B. Service, M. W.1996LResting habits of Anopheles arabiensis in the Awash River Valley of Ethiopia515-521,Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology905$disease transmission gambiae complexOctThe indoor- and outdoor-resting habits of Anopheles arabiensis were studied over 2 pears in central Ethiopia. Pyrethrum-spray catches and outlet-window-trap collections were carried out in both DDT-sprayed village huts and unsprayed huts. Mosquitoes were also collected from pit shelters and natural outdoor-resting sites. Females were marked and released in order to investigate their daytime-resting sites in sprayed and unsprayed huts. The An. arabiensis population in the study area is partially (37.5%) exophilic, while those females resting indoors tend to avoid DDT-sprayed surfaces and thus their contact with the insecticide is minimized.://A1996VK61600008-Vk616 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:15 0003-4983ISI:A1996VK61600008iLiverpool Sch Trop Med,Liverpool L13 5qa,Merseyside,England Natl Org Control Malaria,Addis Ababa,EthiopiaEnglish |7GMbogo, C. N. M. Baya, N. M. Ofulla, A. V. O. Githure, J. I. Snow, R. W.1996SThe impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors of the Kenyan coast251-259!Medical and Veterinary Entomology103'anopheles arabiensis an-funestus an-gambiae an-merus malaria permethrin-impregnated bednets mosquito nets kenya coast anopheles-gambiae complex treated bed nets plasmodium-falciparum transmission experimental hut trials mosquito nets childhood malaria western kenya culicidae diptera insecticideJul)The effects of introducing permethrin-impregnated bednets on local populations of the malaria vector mosquitoes Anopheles funestus and the An.gambiae complex was monitored during a randomized controlled trial at Kilifi on the Kenyan coast. Pyrethrum spray collections inside 762 households were conducted between May 1994 and April 1995 after the introduction of bednets in half of the study area. All-night human bait collections were performed in two zones (one control and one intervention) for two nights each month during the same period. PCR identifications of An.gambiae sensu lato showed that proportions of sibling species were An. gambiae sensu stricto > An.merus > An.arabiensis. Indoor-resting densities of An.gambiae s.l. and the proportion of engorged females decreased significantly in intervention zones as compared to control zones. However, the human blood index and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate remained unaffected. Also vector parous rates were unaltered by the intervention, implying that survival rates of malaria vectors were not affected. The human-biting density of An.gambiae s.l., the predominant vector, was consistently higher in the intervention zone compared to the control zone, but showed 8% reduction compared to pre-intervention biting rates - versus. 94% increase in the control zone. Bioassay, susceptibility and high-performance liquid chromatography results all indicated that the permethrin content applied to the nets was sufficient to maintain high mortality of susceptible vectors throughout the trial. Increased rates of early outdoor-biting, as opposed to indoor-biting later during the night, were behavioural or vector composition changes associated with this intervention, which would require further monitoring during control programmes employing insecticide-treated bednets.://A1996VH85300007.Vh853 Times Cited:29 Cited References Count:39 0269-283XISI:A1996VH85300007Mbogo, CNM Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr,Kilifi Res Unit,Clin Res Ctr,Pob 230,Kilifi,Kenya Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr,Biomed Sci Res Ctr,Kilifi,Kenya Univ Oxford,John Radcliffe Hosp,Nuffield Dept Clin Med,Oxford Ox3 9du,EnglandEnglish|70Rimbau, V. Risco, E. Canigueral, S. Iglesias, J.1996rAntiinflammatory activity of some extracts from plants used in the traditional medicine of North-African countries421-423Phytotherapy Research105qantiinflammatory activity plant extracts carrageenan oedema arachidonic acid oedema arachidonic-acid inflammationAugAqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts from five plants were administered either topically (oedema induced by arachidonic acid in mouse ear) or i.p. (subplantar oedema induced by carrageenan in rats), Our results show that Anacyclus pyrethrum, Armeria alliacea, Asphodelus ramosus, Capparis spinosa and Rhaponticum acaule possess antiinflammatory activity, since at least one extract of each plant was active in one of the experimental models, The three extracts from Anacyclus pyrethrum showed significant activity in both experimental, models, but the highest antiinflammatory activity was exhibited by the polar extracts of Armeria alliacea. The ethanol extract of the latter produced 100% inhibition of the inflammation induced by carrageenan and this inhibition was highly significant (p<0.001) with reference to values found in both active (indomethacin 3 mg/kg) and vehicle administered control groups.://A1996VJ15600012,Vj156 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:9 0951-418XISI:A1996VJ15600012lRimbau, V Univ Barcelona,Fac Farm,Unitat Farmacol & Farmacognosia,Avgda Diagonal 643,E-08028 Barcelona,SpainEnglish(|7#Kocisova, A. Para, L. Petrovsky, M.1996uApplication of pyrethrum synergized with piperonyl butoxide against pyrethroid resistant housefly (Musca domestica L)317-320Zivocisna Vyroba417Khouse fly resistance piperonyl-butoxide pyrethrum cypermethrin deltamethrinJulbResistance to the pyrethroids cypermethrin, deltamethrin and natural pyrethrum activated with piperonyl-butoxide was tested and evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were done on F-1 and F-2 laboratory generations of sensitive females of the SRS/WHO strain and three resistant populations designated as Kosicka Polianka (K), Opina (O) and Seleska (S). High and very high resistance to cypermethrin was observed (resistance factors [FR] ranged from 81 to 387 for LC(50) and from 17 to 557 for LC(95)). Moderate and high resistance to deltamethrin was detected (FR from 9 to 67 for LC(50) and from 10 to 112 for LC(95)). The resistance to natural activated pyrethrum was very low (FR for LC(50) were 1 and for LC95 were from 1 to 2). The efficiency of space aerosol of natural pyrethrum synergized with piperonyl butoxide in the formulation AquaPy was tested in imitated field conditions. Ninety seconds after exposure 90% of flies from all tested populations manifested locomotor defects with subsequent paralysis of the movement of wings and legs. Recovery of flies after 24 and 48 hours was not observed.://A1996UZ94100006-Uz941 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:11 0044-4847ISI:A1996UZ94100006Univ Vet Med,Kosice,SlovakiaCzech s|7'Straw, N. A. Fielding, N. J. Waters, A.1996bPhytotoxicity of insecticides used to control aphids on Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr451-459Crop Protection155Jinsecticides phytotoxicity picea sitchensis sitka spruce herbivory insectsAug+Treatment of 2-4 year old Sitka spruce in the field with the insecticides dimethoate, malathion, pirimicarb, Pynosect (pyrethrum + resmethrin) and Savona (insecticidal soap) applied as foliage sprays, and diazinon, chlorpyrifos and malathion applied as soil drenches, at standard rates, revealed no adverse effects on tree growth or needle densities. However, Savona caused needle browning and trees treated with chlorpyrifos showed a 25% increase in height growth (P < 0.01) and a 13% increase in side shoot extension growth (P < 0.05) after 2 years compared with control trees. Trials on potted plants with insecticides applied at the standard rate (X1) or twice the standard rate (X2) revealed no effects on height growth for any compound by the end of the growing season, but showed that all the insecticides tested had some effect on plant dry weight (DW) or needle density. Dimethoate and malathion at the X1 rate increased shoot growth, whereas malathion at X2 and Pynosect at X1 and X2 were noticeably phytotoxic. Root DWs were not increased or were reduced more than shoot DW, which led to significant reductions in root:shoot ratios. The low plant DWs in the Pynosect treatments were associated with a high rate of plant mortality (13-30%), whereas plant survival in the other treatments was generally good. Needle densities on the new leader were reduced by the X2 pirimicarb treatment and by both rates of Pynosect and chlorpyrifos. Needle retention on the previous year's leader was reduced by Pynosect acid chlorpyrifos. Individual needles on the new leader were distinctly smaller on transplants sprayed with malathion or with Pynosect at the X2 rate, whereas needles remaining on the previous year's leader were heavier on trees in the X1 malathion treatment. Crown Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.://A1996UU65900006.Uu659 Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:24 0261-2194ISI:A1996UU65900006Straw, NA Forestry Commiss New S Wales,Entomol Branch,Alice Holt Lodge,Farnham Gu10 4lh,Surrey,England Forestry Commiss,Entomol Outstn,Div Res,Ludlow Sy8 2hd,Shrops,EnglandEnglish|7JHewitt, S. E. Farhan, M. Urhaman, H. Muhammad, N. Kamal, M. Rowland, M. W.1996Self-protection from malaria vectors in Pakistan: An evaluation of popular existing methods and appropriate new techniques in Afghan refugee communities337-344,Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology903$permethrin-impregnated curtains netsJunExperimental huts were used to measure the impact of several techniques for self-protection from malaria vectors in Pakistan. An electric fan, pyrethrum coils, untreated curtains, pyrethroid-vaporizing mats and permethrin-impregnated curtains reduced the total catches of blood-fed Anopheles stephensi by 27%, 36%, 47%, 56% and 65%, respectively. The most marked effect of all the interventions was in reducing the numbers of mosquitoes entering the huts, although all the techniques, expect for the untreated curtain, also reduced the proportion of mosquitoes inside the hut which fed. Although the trends seen were similar for both anopheline (all An. stephensi) and culicine mosquitoes, they were more pronounced in the culicines. Social surveys were conducted on current self-protection practices. The social and economic constraints associated with each of the various techniques are discussed. All the strategies were shown to offer a degree of protection and their use should be encouraged. Impregnated curtains seem especially promising. Pyrethroid-impregnated bednets have been widely promoted in eastern Afghanistan since 1991 and have the advantage of providing protection when people sleep outside during the summer. However, surveys show that some owners stop using their nets in late autumn, despite the continued risk of malaria. People should be encouraged to use their bednets as impregnated curtains rather than putting them into storage.://A1996UR67900011.Ur679 Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:11 0003-4983ISI:A1996UR679000112Hewitt, SE Healthnet Int,Pob 889,Peshawar,PakistanEnglish|7Wandahwa, P. vanRanst, E.1996Qualitative land suitability assessment for pyrethrum cultivation in west Kenya based upon computer-captured expert knowledge and GIS187-202$Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment5639pyrethrum requirements land suitability ales idrisi kenyaMarSelection of the best land for pyrethrum cultivation and determination of the production limiting factors are done through a qualitative process of matching land characteristics with the crop requirements using a model PYCULT built in the Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES). Climatic, soil and landform requirements for pyrethrum cultivation are provided. Climatic and land suitability maps are presented. About 42% of the land under study was found to be suitable for growing pyrethrum. Five percent of the area is highly suitable, the rest has limitations of some kind. Land with very severe limitations owing to soil erosion hazard and soil wetness make up 5% and 3%, respectively. Moderate and severe climatic limitations affect about 7% and 11% of the land, respectively. The small scale maps and the land attributes used render PYCULT useful to land-use planners and researchers at the national level. The results can be employed by land-use planners to select areas suitable for pyrethrum cultivation and by researchers to focus on more detailed research in areas of varying suitabilities. At the farmers' level, PYCULT can be used, provided more detailed local information on climate and soils is available.://A1996UQ18500004-Uq185 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:50 0167-8809ISI:A1996UQ18500004GState Univ Ghent,Dept Soil Sci & Geol,Lab Soil Sci,B-9000 Ghent,BelgiumEnglish|7!Ram, M. Patra, D. D. Singh, D. V.1996aEffect of nitrification inhibitors on herb and essential oil yield of Japanese mint on sandy soil17-21Fertilizer Research441Kdicyandiamide nitrification inhibitors pyrethrum mentha arvensis l nitrogenAPyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariefolium) flowers have been observed to have insecticidal properties and could be used as an indigenous nitrification inhibitor for increasing N-use efficiency. A field experiment was conducted at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India during 1988 and 1989 to evaluate the relative performance of pyrethrum flower waste and Dicyandiamide (DCD) as nitrification inhibitors applied with prilled urea (PU) to Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). The results revealed that application of the nitrification inhibitors with prilled urea significantly increased the herb and essential oil yield of the crop compared to that of prilled urea alone. Addition of Dicyandiamide and pyrethrum flower waste gave 30 and 23% more herb yield than prilled urea alone, the corresponding increase in oil yield being 27 and 22%, respectively. Application of nitrogen at 200 kg ha(-1) in dicayndiamide or pyrethrum flower waste treated soil significantly enhanced the herb and essential oil yields and N-uptake by the crop to more than that for 300 kg N ha(-1) with prilled urea. Both the materials improved the N use efficiency by one and half time as compared to that with PU at 100 kg N ha(-1). The results indicate pyrethrum flower dust can be effectively used as a potential nitrification inhibitor.://A1996UN16600003-Un166 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:14 0167-1731ISI:A1996UN16600003GRam, M Cent Inst Med & Aromat Plants,Lucknow 226015,Uttar Pradesh,IndiaEnglishE|7Ogallo, J. L. McClure, M. A.1995cInduced resistance to Meloidogyne hapla by other Meloidogyne species on tomato and pyrethrum plants441-447Journal of Nematology274chrysanthemum cinerariifolium induced resistance lycopersicon esculentum meloidogyne hapla meloidogyne incognita meloidogyne javanica mi gene nematode pyrethrum root-knot nematode tomato colletotrichum-lagenarium biological-control incognita penetration pathogens cucumber rootsDecAdvance inoculation of the tomato cv. Celebrity or the pyrethrum clone 223 with host-incompatible Meloidogyne incognita or M. javanica elicited induced resistance to host-compatible M. hapla in pot and field experiments. Induced resistance increased with the length of the time between inoculations and with the population density of the induction inoculum. Optimum interval before challenge inoculation, or population density of inoculum for inducing resistance, was 10 days, or 5,000 infective nematodes per 500-cm(3) pot. The induced resistance suppressed population increase of M. hapla by 84% on potted tomato, 72% on potted pyrethrum, and 55% on field-grown pyrethrum seedlings, relative to unprotected treatments. Pyrethrum seedlings inoculated with M. javanica 10 days before infection with M. hapla were not stunted, whereas those that did not receive the advance inoculum were stunted 33% in pots and 36% in field plots. The results indicated that advance infection of plants with incompatible or mildly virulent nematode species induced resistance to normally compatible nematodes and that the induced resistance response may have potential as a biological control method for plant nematodes.://A1995TT64300003.Tt643 Times Cited:15 Cited References Count:31 0022-300XISI:A1995TT64300003.Univ Arizona,Dept Plant Pathol,Tucson,Az 85721English>|7BGarciaBravo, B. RodriguezPichardo, A. dePierola, S. F. Camacho, F.1995;Airborne erythema-multiforme-like eruption due to pyrethrum433-433Contact Dermatitis336pyrethrum endosulfan airborne contact dermatitis erythema-multiforme-like eruption pesticides farmer, agriculture occupational contact-dermatitis plantsDec://A1995TL66900018-Tl669 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:11 0105-1873ISI:A1995TL66900018aGarciaBravo, B Hosp Univ Virgen Macarena,Dept Dermatol,Avda Dr Fedriani S-N,E-41071 Seville,SpainEnglish|7:Pan, W. H. T. Chang, C. C. Su, T. T. Lee, F. Fuh, M. R. S.1995VPreparative supercritical fluid extraction of pyrethrin I and II from pyrethrum flower 1745-1749Talanta4211high-performance liquid chromatography insecticides preparative supercritical fluid extraction pyrethrin i pyrethrin ii pyrethrum flower insecticidesNovA preparative supercritical fluid extraction system is described and was used with supercritical carbon dioxide to extract the active insecticide components pyrethrin I (PI) and pyrethrin II (PII) successfully from pyrethrum flower. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and was used to separate and analyze the supercritical carbon dioxide extracts. Extraction efficiencies under several different extraction conditions were examined. Under the conditions examined, the most effective extractions of PI and PII (140 +/- 18 mg and 55 +/- 9 mg per 100 g of dry pyrethrum flower powder) were performed at 40 degrees C and 1200 psi. The results showed that extraction efficiencies of supercritical carbon dioxide are much better than those of n-hexane for pyrethrins I and II. During the extraction process, the most efficient extraction period was the first 3 h of the experiment.://A1995TK41600020-Tk416 Times Cited:7 Cited References Count:18 0039-9140ISI:A1995TK41600020Soochow Univ,Dept Chem,Taipei 11102,Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Univ,Inst Pharmacol,Taipei,Taiwan Taiwan Fertilizer Co Ltd,Div Res & Dev,Taipei,TaiwanEnglish|7sDeandrade, A. L. S. S. Zicker, F. Deoliveira, R. M. Dasilva, I. G. Silva, S. A. Deandrade, S. S. Martelli, C. M. T.1995PEvaluation of Risk-Factors for House Infestation by Triatoma-Infestans in Brazil443-4471American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene5352chagas-disease trypanosoma-cruzi costa-rica vectorNov/An active entomologic survey was conducted by a team of trained health workers in a rural area endemic for Chagas' disease in central Brazil. They used pyrethrum as a flushing agent and 4,232 houses were inspected for triatomine bugs both inside and in the immediate environs. Houses with Triatoma infestans or evidence of an established colony were identified and defined as infested houses (cases). The building and environmental characteristics of 161 randomly selected infested houses were compared with 161 matched, noninfested houses (controls) that were the shortest distance from the infested house. Domestic and peridomestic potential risk factors associated with house infestation by Triatoma infestans were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Incomplete house construction (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-4.1) was confirmed as a risk factor related to the presence or evidence of Triatoma infestans in the dwellings. The study also disclosed a statistically significant association between the presence of rats (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.6) and indoor crop storage (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-5.2) and house infestation. Further experimental field studies using tagged rodents should be conducted to assess their epidemiologic role in the domestic chain of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission.://A1995TH28900002.Th289 Times Cited:11 Cited References Count:29 0002-9637ISI:A1995TH28900002Deandrade, Alss Univ Fed Goias,Inst Patol Trop & Saude Publ,Dept Saude Colet,Rua Delenda R Mello,S-N Setor Univ,Br-74605050 Goiania,Go,Brazil Who,Pan Amer Hlth Org,Communicable Dis Program,Washington,Dc 20037English1|7 Miller, L.1995QAgribusiness, Contract Farmers and Land-Use Sustainability in North-West Tasmania104-111Australian Geographer262ctasmania soil erosion farm planning agricultural processing firms sustainable land use soil-erosionNovbThe core questions pertaining to contract farming or 'vertical co-ordination' relate to the ownership of decision-making, Where decision-making is partly removed from farmers there arise issues of sustainability which are inadequately addressed by current practice, A mail questionnaire conducted in North-west Tasmania in 1990-91 obtained responses from 310 farmers, a 68 per cent return rate from the 456 valid cases initially identified. At the time of the survey, 119 respondents were involved in contract cropping, and a majority of these responses indicated a need for greater co-ordination in farm planning. This co-ordination requires a re-think of the roles of both agribusiness firms and farmer organisations, as well as acceptance by farmers that long-term planning for crop rotation and soil management has associated self-benefit. Responsibility for soil erosion is seen to lie partly at the feet of processing firms which relegate production tasks to farmers under contract, but frequently appear to ignore the impact of shortterm planning horizons upon farmer capacity to manage soils for erosion minimisation. With few exceptions, such as the processor firm specialising in the perennial crop pyrethrum and one onion processor that encourages soil conservation, in North-west Tasmania processing firms generally play no part in planning for sustainable land use.://A1995TG77800003-Tg778 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:22 0004-9182ISI:A1995TG77800003CMiller, L Univ Tasmania,Dept Phys Sci,Launceston,Tas 7250,AustraliaEnglish|74Hara, A. H. Hata, T. Y. Tenbrink, V. L. Hu, B. K. S.1995Postharvest Treatments against Western Flower Thrips [Frankliniella-Occidentalis (Pergande)] and Melon Thrips (Thrips-Palmi Karny) on Orchids403-415Annals of Applied Biology1263Wdendrobium flowers thrips postharvest treatment quarantine security cut flowers foliageJunPostharvest treatments, including insecticidal dips, isopropyl alcohol dips, insecticidal fogs and hot-water immersion, were evaluated to control mixed infestations of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and Melon Thrips (Thrips palmi) on dendrobium orchid blossoms. The limiting factor for all postharvest treatments was phytotoxicity, characterised by a loss of vase life that differed among cultivars. Insecticidal dips and insecticidal fogs were less phytotoxic than hot-water immersion and isopropyl alcohol dips. Insecticidal fogs consisting of abamectin 2.0% e.c. and abamectin tank-mixed with Pyrenone e.c. (6% pyrethrins, 60% piperonyl butoxide) reduced the mean number of thrips par blossom by 93.8% and 92.3%, respectively and were nonphytotoxic. An insecticidal aerosol, Floragas (2% permethrin and 0.1% pyrethrum dissolved in high pressure liquified CO2) reduced thrips by 33% to 54% with no phytotoxicity. Insecticidal dips for 3 min with agitation reduced the mean number of thrips per blossom by 43.7% to 99.1%. Of the 12 insecticides and one surfactant tested, only chlorpyrifos 44.4% e.c., fluvalinate 22.3% f., and chlorpyrifos 50% d.f, were both effective and nonphytotoxic. Immersion in water at 49.5 degrees C for 15 and 20 s reduced the mean number of thrips per blossom by 88.1% and 95.3%, respectively. A 70% solution of isopropyl alcohol applied as a postharvest dip did not kill all thrips and was extremely phytotoxic to blossoms.://A1995TE86200001-Te862 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:14 0003-4746ISI:A1995TE86200001FUniv Hawaii,Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources,Dept Entomol,Hilo,Hi 96720English |7)Heath, A. C. G. Lampkin, N. Jowett, J. H.1995aEvaluation of Nonconventional Treatments for Control of the Biting Louse (Bovicola-Ovis) on Sheep407-412!Medical and Veterinary Entomology94mbovicola ovis sheep biting louse nonconventional treatments control organic production standards cypermethrinOct&A variety of non-conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards. In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7-66.3% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9-35.3% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32-35 days post-treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3-99.6% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse-infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0-100% was achieved over the period of the trial. It is concluded that most of the non-conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost-effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40-50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.://A1995TC52200014-Tc522 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:10 0269-283XISI:A1995TC52200014Heath, Acg Agres,Wallaceville Anim Res Ctr,Pob 40-063,Upper Hutt,New Zealand Univ Coll Wales,Dept Econ & Agr Econ,Aberystwyth,Dyfed,Wales Minist Agr & Fisheries,Wellington,New ZealandEnglishC|7QThomson, M. C. Connor, S. J. Quinones, M. L. Jawara, M. Todd, J. Greenwood, B. M.1995OMovement of Anopheles-Gambiae Sl Malaria Vectors between Villages in the Gambia413-419!Medical and Veterinary Entomology94anopheles gambiae complex mosquito movement malaria control program mark-release-recapture the gambia treated bed nets identificationOct2Movement of mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex (mixed wild populations of An. arabiensis, An. gambiae and An. melas) between three neighbouring rural villages in The Gambia was investigated by mark-release-recapture. A total of 12,872 mosquitoes were collected in bednets, marked with a magenta fluorescent powder and released over a 15-day period in one of the villages. A further 15,507 mosquitoes were collected in exit traps, marked with a yellow powder and released over the same period. Mosquitoes were captured daily in all three villages using pyrethrum spray catches, as well as bednet and exit trap catches. The catching period extended for 6 days after the last day of release. Of the mosquitoes released, 372 (1.3%) were recaptured 2-21 days later. Of these recaptures, 272 were caught in the release village, and 98 were caught in other villages situated 1-1.4 km away. The 'movement index' between villages was calculated as 17.2% (12.2-22.4% confidence limits) for mosquitoes released after feeding and 20.1% (14.7-25.3%) for those released unfed. These results suggest that movement of mosquitoes between neighbouring villages in The Gambia seriously affects the entomological evaluation of pyrethroid-impregnated bednet programmes in areas where treated and untreated villages are interspersed.://A1995TC52200015.Tc522 Times Cited:22 Cited References Count:16 0269-283XISI:A1995TC52200015Mrc,Fajara,SenegalEnglish|74Casamatta, G. Gourdon, C. Haunold, C. Boyadzhiev, L.1995vExtraction of Organic Solutes from Vegetable Materials - Extraction of Pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum-Cinerariae-Folium 2849-2864!Separation Science and Technology3014In order to elucidate the extraction kinetics of valuable organic substances from dried vegetable materials, extraction of pyrethrins from ground pyrethrum blossoms was taken as an example and studied at various conditions. It was shown that the apparent diffusivity is a nonmonotonous function of the solute content in the solid phase. Due to the superposition of several phenomena, its value passes through a maximum and may change a hundred or even more times. Simple laboratory batch experiments and numerical solution of the appropriate extraction models are necessary prerequisites for successful design of large-scale extraction processes of vegetable raw materials.://A1995RR12300003-Rr123 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:25 0149-6395ISI:A1995RR12300003Casamatta, G Ecole Natl Super Ingenieurs Genie Chim,F-31078 Toulouse,France Bulgarian Acad Sci,Inst Chem Engn,Bu-1113 Sofia,BulgariaEnglish |7Jovetic, S. Degooijer, C. D.19950The Production of Pyrethrins by in-Vitro Systems125-138!Critical Reviews in Biotechnology152pyrethrum chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plant cell tissue cultures in vitro tissues bioconversions economics commercialization plant-cell biotechnology chrysanthemum-cinerariaefolium tissue-cultures mass-spectrometry growth chromatography prospects callus acidPyrethrins comprise a group of six structurally closed related esters. Economically, they are the most important natural plant insecticides. The principal source of pyrethrins is the plant Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Pyrethrum). The industrial production is based on the extraction of pyrethrins from the dried flower heads of the field-grown plant. Harvesting of the flowers is labor intensive and the natural pyrethrins are not plentiful enough to provide for the global market demands. Thus, attempts have been aimed at alternative in vitro production of pyrethrins, by means of plant cell suspension cultures, callus cultures, shoot/root cultures, and the bioconversions of precursors. Callus and cell suspension cultures of Pyrethrum seems not to be feasible for an industrial process, although technology for cell suspension cultures exist. The dedifferentiation of plant tissue in vitro, necessary to produce a callus and suspension culture, is accompanied by an apparent loss of ability to produce and accumulate pyrethrins. Plantlets and morphologically differentiated shoot cultures (not roots), which produce significant amounts of pyrethrins, could be potential candidates for an industrial process. However, pyrethrins production levels in these cultures is still very low when compared with floral tissue, and large-scale organ culture technology is not yet feasible. Bioconversion of available precursors, by isolated plant enzymes or by genetically engineered microorganisms, appears to be a more attractive approach today. The first small steps have been made, but technological and economical feasibility of this technology is still uncertain.://A1995RH72000002.Rh720 Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:54 0738-8551ISI:A1995RH72000002lJovetic, S Agr Univ Wageningen,Dept Food Sci,Food & Bioproc Engn Grp,Pob 8129,6700 Ev Wageningen,NetherlandsEnglish|7Sukumaran, K. Kuttan, R.1995GInhibition of Tobacco-Induced Mutagenesis by Eugenol and Plant-Extracts25-30$Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology3431stobacco anti-mutagenesis eugenol herbal drug n-nitroso compounds human saliva nitrite mutagenicity nitrate mice teaMayInhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc. and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco-induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate. Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4%. Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner.://A1995QW61400003-Qw614 Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:14 0165-1218ISI:A1995QW61400003/Amala Canc Res Ctr,Thrissur 680553,Kerala,IndiaEnglishI|7Pullen, S. Hock, B.1995wDevelopment of Enzyme Immunoassays for the Detection of Pyrethroid Insecticides .1. Monoclonal-Antibodies for Allethrin765-779Analytical Letters285\allethrin enzyme immunoassay insecticide monoclonal antibody phenothrin pyrethroid pyrethrumaThree monoclonal antibodies (mab) for the determination of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin were generated using a trans-permethric acid-bovine serum albumin conjugate as immunogen. Spleen cells of immunized BALB/c mice were fused with myeloma cells applying polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma cells were selected by HAT selection and screened for cell lines producing mab. Three stable cell lines could be isolated for further characterization and development of an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay. The mab 3/B4-1/F8 showed a preference for S-bioallethrin, the most efficient insecticidal isomer of allethrin. The detection range lay between 1 mu g/L and 250 mu g/L; 50 % inhibition occurred at 46 mu g/L. Cross-reactivities were 43 % for the natural pyrethrins. The mab 1/E2-5/B5 and 1/A5-7/C10 preferred bioallethrin, which is a mixture of two allethrin enantiomers. 50 % inhibition was found at 60 mu g/L or 54 mu g/L, respectively. The tests ranged from 9 mu g/L to 170 mu g/L (1/E2-5/B5) and from 6 mu g/L to 160 mu g/L (1/A5-7/C10). Cross-reactivities occurred for phenothrin, resmethrin and bioresmethrin.://A1995QV02000002.Qv020 Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:23 0003-2719ISI:A1995QV02000002<Pullen, S Tech Univ Munich,Dept Bot,D-85350 Freising,GermanyEnglish|7dZaim, M. Manouchehri, A. V. Motabar, M. Emadi, A. M. Nazari, M. Pakdad, K. Kayedi, M. H. Mowlaii, G.1995+Anopheles Culicifacies in Baluchistan, Iran181-186!Medical and Veterinary Entomology92kanopheles culicifacies malaria vector endophily exophily baluchistan iran malaria control species-a complexAprAnopheles culicifacies (probably species A) is the main vector of malaria in Baluchistan, southeastern Iran. Adult mosquitoes were collected during 1990-92 by five methods of sampling: knock-down pyrethrum space-spray indoors, human and animal bait (18.00-05.00 hours), pit shelters and CDC light traps, yielding 62%, 3%, 6%, 4% and 25% of specimens, respectively. Whereas spray-catches comprised c. 70% gravid and semi-gravid females, light trap catches were mostly (c. 60%) unfed females, while females from pit shelters comprised all abdominal stages more equally (13-36%). An.culicifacies populations peaked in April-May and rose again during August-November. Densities of indoor-resting mosquitoes were consistently greater in an unsprayed village than in villages subjected to residual house-spraying with propoxur, malathion or pirimiphos-methyl. Monthly malaria incidence generally followed fluctuations of An.culicifacies density, usually with a peak in May-June.://A1995QQ94100012-Qq941 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:25 0269-283XISI:A1995QQ94100012AZaim, M Sch Publ Hlth,Dept Med Entomol,Pob 6446,Tehran 14155,IranEnglish|7"Abad, M. J. Bermejo, P. Villar, A.1995\An Approach to the Genus Tanacetum L (Compositae) - Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review79-92Phytotherapy Research92tanacetum l (compositae) phytochemistry chemosystematic pharmacological activity occurring terpene derivatives sesquiterpene lactones vulgare l pyrethrum-santolinoides parthenium l feverfew parthenolide flavonoids extracts flowersMar!In view of the importance in folk medicine of some species of Tanacetum L. (Compositae), e.g. T. partheniun, this paper reviews reports of the past two decades on their phytochemistry and pharmacological actions. The facets of phytochemical composition to be reviewed concern mainly the compounds with a chemosystematic interest in the tribe: terpenoids, especially sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoid. The pharmacological activities which make it possible to corroborate their use as a herbal remedy have also been reviewed.://A1995QP55500001/Qp555 Times Cited:18 Cited References Count:128 0951-418XISI:A1995QP55500001GAbad, Mj Univ Complutense,Fac Pharm,Dept Pharmacol,E-28040 Madrid,SpainEnglisha|7Wood, L.1994@Pyrethrum and Essential Oils - New Cropping Ventures in Tasmania357-360 Geography79345Oct://A1994PZ656000093Part 4 Pz656 Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:1 0016-7487ISI:A1994PZ65600009UWood, L Univ Tasmania,Dept Geog & Environm Sci,Gpo Box 252c,Hobart,Tas 7001,AustraliaEnglish|7ZKonate, L. Diagne, N. Brahimi, K. Faye, O. Legros, F. Rogier, C. Petrarca, V. Trape, J. F.1994Vectors Bionomics and Transmission of Plasmodium-Falciparum, P-Malariae and P-Ovale in a Sudan Savanna Area of West-Africa (Dielmo, Senegal)325-3339Parasite-Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie14malaria anopheles gambiae sl anopheles funestus epidemiology plasmodium falciparum plasmodium malariae plasmodium ovale senegal anopheles-gambiae complex river basin identification epidemiology density elisa kenyaDecmFrom April 1990 to March 1992 a longitudinal entomological study was carried out in Dielmo village, Senegal, an area of Sudan-type savanna. Mosquitoes were sampled by night-bite collections and pyrethrum spray collections. Seven anopheles species were identified: An. gambiae s.s, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. pharoensis, An. rufipes, An. squamosus and An. ziemanni. Present throughout the year, An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus represented more than 98 % of anopheles captured on man. A yearly wave of An. gambiae s.l. was observed in the rainy season and An. funestus was generally more abundant in the dry season. The sporozoite rate was 1.5 % and 1.3 %, respectively, for these two species. Sporozoite typing by monoclonal antibodies indicated that the proportion of infected salivary glands was 92.7 % P. falciparum, 18.2 % P. malariae and 8.2 % P. ovale. The inoculation rate was calculated to be respectively 111, 21 and 8 infective bites per human for P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale during the first year. Transmission was highest in the second year, with respectively 272, 54 and 25 infective bites per human.://A1994PZ46800006.Pz468 Times Cited:19 Cited References Count:23 1252-607XISI:A1994PZ46800006Orstom,Paludol Lab,Dakar,Senegal Inst Pasteur,Parasitol Biomed Lab,Paris,France Univ Cheikh Anta Diop,Dept Anim Biol,Dakar,Senegal Inst Pasteur,Serv Epidemiol,Dakar,Senegal Univ Roma La Sapienza,Ist Parassitol,Rome,ItalyFrench|7Gough, N. Montgomery, B. L.1994~Efficacy of Insecticides against Stethopachys Formosa Baly (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), a Pest of Orchids in Eastern Australia351-352/Journal of the Australian Entomological Society33Nov 30Experiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of insecticides for control of the orchid beetle Stethopachys formosa Baly on the orange crucifix orchid Epidendrum x obrienianum as plant host. Bendiocarb 0.4 g L(-1), carbaryl 1.0 g L(-1), methidathion 0.5 g L(-1), and methiocarb 1.5 g L(-1), were the most effective spray treatments, rapidly killing adults. Dimethoate 0.3 g L(-1) and maldison 0.5 g L(-1) were less effective, whilst diazinon 1.32 g L(-1) fluvalinate 0.96 g L(-1), pyrethrum 0.78 g L(-1) and trichlorfon 1.25 g L(-1) were ineffective. Bendiocarb, carbaryl, diazinon, fluvalinate and methidathion applied to eggs all prevented maturation of larvae. Carbaryl 1 g L(-1) effectively controlled field infestations.://A1994PW011000113Part 4 Pw011 Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:3 0004-9050ISI:A1994PW01100011<Queensland Dept Primary Ind,Indooroopilly,Qld 4068,AustraliaEnglish|7Brown, P. H. Menary, R. C.1994jFlowering in Pyrethrum (Tanacetum-Cinerariaefolium L) .2. Changes in Plant-Growth Regulator Concentrations985-992 Journal of Horticultural Science696 gibberellinsNovRadioimmunoassays were used to quantify the endogenous concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in pyrethrum during flower initiation and development. The concentrations of gibberellins, abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, zeatin and zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin and dihydrozeatin riboside, and isopentenyladenine and isopentyladenosine were assayed. Fluctuations in PGR concentrations were correlated with flower bud initiation, flower stem elongation and floral differentiation. The gibberellin concentration increased during vernalization (6 degrees C night temperature), a treatment known to promote floral initiation. A marked increase in gibberellin concentration was correlated with the onset of flower stem elongation. The concentration of the auxin indole acetic acid declined significantly at this time and remained low during flower bud development. Low photon flux density conditions, which retard floral initiation in otherwise inductive vernalizing conditions, failed to induce a decrease in indole acetic acid concentration.://A1994PT21900005-Pt219 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:23 0022-1589ISI:A1994PT21900005KBrown, Ph Univ Tasmania,Dept Agr Sci,Gpo Box 252c,Hobart,Tas 7001,AustraliaEnglish|7%Stolz, P. Meierhenrich, U. Krooss, J.1994KPossibilities of Interior Pyrethroid Decontamination and Photodecomposition379-386Staub Reinhaltung Der Luft5410OctvPyrethroids are insecticides that are similar to the rethrins, which were found in natural pyrethrum. For several years pyrethroids, especially Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin and Permethrin, have been used in professional and recently in private house interiors as a pest control substance. After an improper use of pyrethroids recently cases of poisoning have been reported. With the aim to reduce pyrethroid-residues in buildings the Bremer Umweltinstitut has made a study of various possibilities for decontamination and photodecomposition of these substances. The following report introduces the results of this study.://A1994PM58800004,Pm588 Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:0 0039-0771ISI:A1994PM58800004+Bremer Umweltinst Ev,D-28203 Bremen,GermanyGermant|7Brown, P. H. Menary, R. C.1994TFlowering in Pyrethrum (Tanacetum-Cinerariaefolium L) .1. Environmental Requirements877-884 Journal of Horticultural Science695<chrysanthemum-morifolium ramat temperature irradiance growthSepFloral evocation in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariaefolium) is stimulated by a period of vernalization. Night temperatures of 6-degrees-C and 12-degrees-C for two weeks and three weeks, respectively, promote rapid inflorescence initiation and development. A night temperature of 18-degrees-C does not satisfy the vernalization requirement. Longer periods of vernalization stimulate more rapid inflorescence initiation and development and result in a larger number of inflorescences being initiated. The vernalization stimulus may be modified by the daily light integral. Both inflorescence initiation and inflorescence development are promoted by long days. The number of leaves formed before flower bud initiation is not affected by daylength. Night-break lighting does not promote flowering. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of long days may be in supplying photosynthetic assimilates to the developing meristems. Floral development is retarded by low photon flux density conditions regardless of day temperature. High day temperatures (25-degrees-C) combined with low photon flux (350 mumol m-2 s-1 or less) prevented pyrethrum from flowering in otherwise inductive conditions.://A1994PH59300013-Ph593 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:14 0022-1589ISI:A1994PH59300013KBrown, Ph Univ Tasmania,Dept Agr Sci,Gpo Box 252c,Hobart,Tas 7001,AustraliaEnglish E|7BSabatinelli, G. Ranieri, E. Gianzi, F. P. Papakay, M. Cancrini, G.1994xRole of Culex-Quinquefasciatus in Bancroft Filariasis Transmission in Federal-Islamic-Republic-of-Comores (Indian-Ocean)71-769Parasite-Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie11ibancroft filariasis or lymphatic wuchereria-bancrofti transmission culex-quinquefasciatus vectors comorosMar}In October 1988-January 1989, as a part of a malaria and filariasis control programme in Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros, an entomological survey was carried out in 19 rural and urban localities of Grande Comore, Anjouan and Moheli Islands. The potential breeding places were examined and pyrethrum spray catches were made to evaluate the indoor resting densities of mosquitos. A total of 14.578 adult mosquitos potential vectors of filariasis was collected : 94,5 % Culex quinquefasciatus, 3,5 % Anopheles gambiae s. str., 1,9 % A. funestus and 0, 1 % other anopheline species. A. funestus, uniformely spread in Moheli, was present only in the south-west coast of Anjouan and absent in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx quinquefasciatus were present in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus were present in the three islands with different densities in the villages. Only Cx quinquefasciatus specimens (a maximum of 150 for each locality) were dissected to search filaria larvae, being the Anopheles specimens used to evaluate the malaria transmission. The global infection rate (9,4 %) and the infectivity rate (0,9 %) observed in Cx quinquefasciatus are higher than indices reported in previous surveys. All the larvae in the third development instar (L3) were indentified as Wuchereria bancrofti. The results suggest that in FIR of Comoros W. bancrofti is well adapted to local Cx quinquefasciatus population. Because of the presence of high mosquito density this species plays a preminent role in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in that area. The high transmission levels calls for the implementation of a specific control program.://A1994PA12100012-Pa121 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:15 1252-607XISI:A1994PA12100012Sabatinelli, G Ist Super Sanita,Parasitol Lab,Viale Regina Elena 299,I-00161 Rome,Italy Univ Roma La Sapienza,Inst Parasitol,I-00185 Rome,Italy Minist Sante Rfi Comores,Moroni,ComorosFrench|7+Walker, G. Keller, R. Beckert, J. Butte, W.1994IConcentration of Biocides in an Indoor Setting Exemplified by Pyrethroids450-456*Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene Und Umweltmedizin1955-6insecticides ecdJunPyrethroides are an analogous substance group to one of the oldest known, naturally occuring insecticides pyrethrum and have replaced a number of pesticides such as Lindan, DDT and PCP on the market. Biocides are more persistent indoors than in nature, which could lead to permanent health hazards for the people concerned. Within a few days after application pyrethroides are rarely detected in room air but can be traced for a long time on textiles, furniture and in dust particles (3, 8). The investigation results of approx. 100 analyses from dust and carpet samples show that approx. 1/3 of these samples are positive for at least one pyrethroide and contain a concentration of > 2 mg substance per kg sample. The evaluation of 35 air samples taken from rooms where substances containing pyrethroides had been used at least a month prior to the investigation (the samples were sampled on active charcoal or Chromosorb) showed that pyrethroides could no longer be traced above the detection limit of 0.05-0.1 mu g/m(3). We therefore think that when investigating a contamination of rooms by biocides it is more advisable to determine pyrethroides and its synergists in the suspended dust portion and corresponding dust sample rather than analysing air by adsorption to active charcoal, Chromosorb or other carrier materials. From the observed concentrations of biocides one could conclude that in an indoor setting secondary contamination by biocides plays a more significant role in the total-body-load than that of air contamination.://A1994NU84700010-Nu847 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:11 0934-8859ISI:A1994NU84700010oUniv Lubeck,Inst Hyg & Umweltmed,W-2400 Lubeck,Germany Univ Oldenburg,Fachbereich Chem,W-2900 Oldenburg,GermanyGerman@|7Yoshida, H. A. Toscano, N. C.1994kComparative Effects of Selected Natural Insecticides on Heliothis-Virescens (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) Larvae305-310Journal of Economic Entomology872eheliothis-virescens natural insecticide nutritional index beet armyworm lepidoptera azadirachtin dietApr<Diet-incorporation bioassays were conducted to evaluate effects of selected natural insecticides on the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). ComPounds evaluated were azadirachtin, kryocide, pyrethrum, rotenone, ryania, and sabadilla. Survivorship within the rotenone (87.3%) treatment was not significantly different from that in the control (83.3%); larvae exposed to ryania and azadirachtin rarely survived beyond the first stadium. Survivorship among the kryocide, pyrethrum, and sabadilla treatments was 56.7, 40.0, and 35.0%, respectively. With the exception of rotenone, developmental time was significantly longer for all treatments compared with the control. Larvae maintained on the pyrethrum diet required almost-equal-to 20 additional days to reach the pupal stage. Similarly, development among larvae reared on kryocide and sabadilla was lengthened almost-equal-to 9 and 13 d, respectively. Ensuing pupal weight within the pyrethrum, kryocide, and sabadilla treatments were also significantly lower. Significant differences in the consumption and utilization of food by fourth instars also were found among the treatments. In general, relative consumption and growth rates, as well as utilization efficiencies, were significantly lower among larvae confined to the sabadilla, azadirachtin, kryocide, and ryania treatments.://A1994NR61400007-Nr614 Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:23 0022-0493ISI:A1994NR61400007@Yoshida, Ha Univ Calif Riverside,Dept Entomol,Riverside,Ca 92521English p|72Salardini, A. A. Chapman, K. S. R. Holloway, R. J.1994Effect of Potassium Fertilization of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum-Cinerariifolium) on Yield, Pyrethrins Concentration in Dry Achenes and Potassium Concentration in Soil and Plant-Tissues647-656+Australian Journal of Agricultural Research453pyrethrum potassium response potassium uptake side-dressed potassium plant composition pyrethrins content diagnostic techniquesPyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a small perennial plant, has been commercially grown for production of pyrethrins (Py) in Tasmania since 1983. Two field experiments were conducted on clay loam and sandy clay loam krasnozem soils at Harford and North Motton in the northern region and a two-year experiment on an alluvial sandy loam at Ouse in the southern region of Tasmania to study its potassium (K) requirements. Potassium, at rates up to 200 kg K ha-1, was band-placed at planting (basal K) of pyrethrum splits. At Ouse in the spring of the following year up to 100 kg K ha-1 was side-dressed in the subplots. No achene yield response was observed at Harford with the soil Colwell K (K(c)) of 80 mg K kg-1 and North Motton (K(c) = 132), but at Ouse (K(c) = 50) in the first year a maximum increase of 86% in the achene yield was attained at 50 kg K ha-1. In the second year at Ouse, the achene yield response occurred with residual basal K up to the 200 kg ha-1 rate, where the achene yield was 3 - 9-fold greater than the control. In addition to the increase gained from the residual K in the second year, 50 kg side-dressed K ha-1 increased the achene yield by a maximum of 50%. Basal K did not have any effect on the Py concentration of the first year crops, but it increased the Py concentration in the second year crop at Ouse. Side-dressed K also increased the Py concentration. The Py yield at the highest rate of 200 kg basal and 25 kg side-dressed K ha-1 was more than 6.5-fold that in the control treatment. The K(c) and the concentration of K in apical tissues were correlated to the rates of applied K, achene yield and Py yield, and their potential as techniques to predict pyrethrum response to K application is discussed.://A1994ND39100012-Nd391 Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:17 0004-9409ISI:A1994ND39100012\Salardini, Aa Dept Primary Ind & Fisheries,Crops Branch,Pob 303,Devonport,Tas 7310,AustraliaEnglishd|71Mahmoud, A. A. Ahmed, A. A. Iinuma, M. Tanaka, T.1994I2,3-Secogermacranolides and Germacranolides from Pyrethrum Santolionoides393-398Phytochemistry362pyrethrum santolionoides compositae sesquiterpene lactones 2,3-secogermacranolides germacranolides sesquiterpene lactones santolinoides constituents derivativesMayRe-investigation of the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Pyrethrum santolionoides gave six new sesquiterpene lactones (two 2,3-secogermacranolides and four germacranolides) in addition to eight known compounds. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.://A1994NQ30500026-Nq305 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:24 0031-9422ISI:A1994NQ30500026kMahmoud, Aa Menia Univ,Fac Sci,Dept Chem,Menia,Egypt Gifu Pharmaceut Univ,Dept Pharmacognosy,Gifu 502,JapanEnglish|7Pap, L. Farkas, R.1994^Monitoring of Resistance of Insecticides in-House Fly (Musca-Domestica) Populations in Hungary245-258Pesticide Science404tcross-resistance cyromazine resistance flies muscidae diptera diflubenzuron abamectin strains pyrethroids mechanismsAprxSamples of 24 house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations were collected from animal farms in Hungary in 1990 and kept in the laboratory to determine their susceptibility to different types of insecticide: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactone and insect growth regulators. The adulticides were tested with topical bioassay in all 24 populations, the larvicides were studied with treated larval medium in 16 populations. The data were expressed as LD50 and LC50 values (ng fly-1 and mg kg-1 larval medium respectively). The percentages of populations which had resistance ratios > 10 at LD50 or LC50 were: 63 % to DDT, 50 % to methoxychlor, 13 % to lindane, 83 % to malathion, 63 % to trichlorfon, 4 % to propetamphos, 96 % to dioxacarb, 46 % to propoxur, 4 % to methomyl, 13 % to pyrethrum, 96 % to bioresmethrin, 63 % to permethrin, 58 % to cypermethrin, 79 % to SK-80, 79 % to deltamethrin, 38 % to invermectin, 0 % to diflubenzuron, 0 % to cyromazine. Correlation analysis showed a high degree of positive correlation among the adulticides except for ivermectin, bioresmethrin and SK-80. No cross-resistance was found between the larvicides and the conventional adulticides. Differences of insecticide resistance levels among the populations surveyed were studied by principal component and factor analysis. A fairly good relationship between resistance status and control practices used on farms was revealed. The populations originating from those farms where the application of adulticides had been frequent or regular and where high resistance was shown to most chemicals could be separated from the others.://A1994NH16700001.Nh167 Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:43 0031-613XISI:A1994NH16700001Pap, L Chinoin Pharmaceut & Chem Works Co Ltd,Dept Pest Dev,H-1780 Budapest,Hungary Univ Vet Sci,Dept Parasitol & Zool,H-1400 Budapest,HungaryEnglish|7CMullerjakic, B. Breu, W. Probstle, A. Redl, K. Greger, H. Bauer, R.1994iIn-Vitro Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase by Alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea Species37-40 Planta Medica601achillea species echinacea angustifolia anacyclus pyrethrum aaronsohnia pubescens compositae unsaturated alkamides cyclooxygenase inhibition 5-lipoxygenase inhibition polyacetylenic compounds amides constituentsFebPolyunsaturated alkamides isolated from Achillea species, Echinacea angustifolia DC., Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link, and Aaronsohnia pubescens (Desf.) Bremer & Humphries, (Compositae) were shown to possess inhibitory activity in in vitro cyclooxygenase (sheep seminal microsomes) and 5-lipoxygenase (porcine leukocytes) assays. Activity appeared to depend on the particular structure of the alkamides.://A1994MY38700009.My387 Times Cited:56 Cited References Count:19 0032-0943ISI:A1994MY38700009Univ Munich,Inst Pharmazeut Biol,D-80333 Munich,Germany Univ Wien,Inst Bot,Vergleichende Phytochem Abt,a-1030 Vienna,Austria Univ Dusseldorf,Inst Pharmazeut Biol,D-40225 Dusseldorf,GermanyEnglish&|72Salardini, A. A. Chapman, K. S. R. Holloway, R. J.1994Effect of Basal and Side-Dressed Phosphorus on the Achene Yield and Pyrethrins Concentration in the Achenes of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum-Cinerariifolium) and on Soil and Plant Phosphorus231-241+Australian Journal of Agricultural Research451pyrethrum phosphorus response phosphorus uptake side-dressed phosphorus pyrethrins content soil phosphorus plant p test fertilizerField experiments were conducted for two years on a krasnozem at Devonport and on an alluvial soil at Ouse in Tasmania to investigate the effect of basal and side-dressed phosphorus (P) on the yield (achene yield) and pyrethrins (Py) concentration in dry achenes, on tissue P concentrations of pyrethrum and on soil Colwell P (P-c). At both sites, 0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg P ha(-1) was band-placed at planting (basal P) in May 1990. In September 1991, plots were subdivided and 0, 75, 150 and 200 kg P ha(-1) was side-dressed. Application of up to 100 kg basal P ha(-1) increased achene and Py yield by greater than or equal to 50% in the 1990 crop at both sites. Residual P from the 1990 application tended to reduce the 1991 achene yield, Py concentration and Py yield at both sites (P = 0.09). Side-dressing of P in spring 1991 did not influenced the achene and Py yield at either site. The maximum of combined 1990 and 1991 achene and Py yield was attained with 50 kg P ha(-1) and no side-dressed P. Top-soil P-c in 1990 was highly correlated with rates of both basal and side-dressed P, achene yield and P concentration in plant tissues. The concentration of P in shoots, apical tissues and youngest fully expanded leaves of the 1990 crop was highly correlated with the rate of basal P and achene yield. The apical tissues were more suitable for diagnostic work because of the ease and speed of sampling.://A1994MU13400017-Mu134 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:26 0004-9409ISI:A1994MU13400017\Salardini, Aa Dept Primary Ind & Fisheries,Crops Branch,Pob 303,Devonport,Tas 7310,AustraliaEnglish|7Brown, P. H. Menary, R. C.1994qChanges in Apical Morphology during Floral Initiation and Development in Pyrethrum (Tanacetum-Cinerariaefolium L)181-188 Journal of Horticultural Science691Qcv dramatic compositae glandular trichomes chrysanthemum inflorescence asteraceaeJanfChanges in apical morphology during floral initiation and development in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariaefolium L.) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The sequence of events may be divided into eleven stages of apical development which are distinctive in both morphology and size. The environmental stimulus promoting rapid flower initiation was demonstrated to be vernalization. Flower initiation occurred after four months under non-vernalizing conditions through an autonomous flower induction process. Devernalization was observed under short day (10 h daylength), low photon flux density (200 mumol m2 s-1) conditions. Apices were never observed to revert to vegetative growth after the initiation of the first involucral bract and therefore this was considered to be the developmental stage at which the apex was committed to generative development.://A1994MQ60200024-Mq602 Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:15 0022-1589ISI:A1994MQ60200024|Brown, Ph Univ Cent Queensland,Dept Biol,Rockhampton,Qld 4702,Australia Univ Tasmania,Dept Agr Sci,Hobart,Tas 7001,AustraliaEnglish|7 Murin, A.1993?Karyological Study of the Ornamental Plants of the Slovak Flora441-445Biologia4841chromosome numbers ornamental plants slovak floramThe present paper deals with chromosome counts of some ornamental plants that are cultivated in our country in gardens. Some of them are cultivars of species native in our territory while others belong to the introduced taxa. They are: Alcea rosea 2n = 42. Allysum montanum 2n = 32. Antirrhinum majus 2n = 16. Aster ster alpinus 2n = 18. Aurinia saxatilis 2n = 16. Bellis perennis in = 18. Calendula officinalis 2n = 28. Callistephus chinensis 2n = 18. Campanula carpatica 2n = 34. Campanula persicifolia 2n = 16. Capsicum annuum 2n = 24. Consolida regalis 2n = 16. Cosmos bipinnatus 2n = 24. Crocus vemus 2n = 32. Dahlia pinnata 2n = 64. Dianthus barbatus 2n = 30. Dianthus caryophyllus 2n = 30. Gypsophila paniculata 2n = 34. Helianthus annuus 2n = 34. Cheiranthus cheiri 2n = 14. Chrysantheum carinatum 2n = 18. Chrysanthemu segetum 2n = 36. Impatiens balsaminea 2n = 14. Lathyrus odoratus 2n = 14. Leucanthemum maximum 2n = 108. Lilium henryi 2n = 24. Lobularia maritima 2n = 24. Lupinus polyphyllus 2n = 48. Matthiola incana 2n = 14. Panicum capillare 2n = 18. Papaver somniferum 2n = 22. Papaver nudicaule 2n = 14. Phaseolus coccineus 2n = 22. Pyrethrum parthenium 2n = 18. Ricinus communis 2n = 20. Salvia splendens 2n = 44. Senecio cineraria 2n = 40. Silene pendula 2n = 24. Tagetes erecta 2n = 24. Tagetes patula 2n = 48. Tagetes tenuifolia 2n = 24. Tanacetum vulgare 2n = 18. Trapeolum majus 2n = 28. Tripleurospermum maritimum 2n = 18. Tulipa gesnerana 2n = 36. Tulipa tarda 2n = 24. Viola comuta 2n = 44. Viola wittrockiana 2n = 50. Xeranthnemum annuum 2n = 12. Zinnia elgans 2n = 24. These data are supplemented with short comments.://A1993MM44000015,Mm440 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:0 0006-3088ISI:A1993MM44000015RMurin, A Prfrodovedeckej Fak Uk,Katedra Bot,Revova 39,Cs-81102 Bratislava,SlovakiaSlovak |75Smaling, E. M. A. Stoorvogel, J. J. Windmeijer, P. N.1993SCalculating Soil Nutrient Balances in Africa at Different Scales .2. District Scale237-250Fertilizer Research353pdenitrification erosion integrated nutrient management kenya land use system leaching manure mineral fertilizersIn a recent study on the NPK balance of land use systems in sub-Saharan Africa, it was found that scale-inherent simplifications were inevitable (Stoorvogel et al., 1993). This article reports on a similar exercise in a well-inventorized smaller area (Kisii District, Southwestern Kenya). Land use types and land/water classes (combinations of rainfall zones and soil units) were combined into geographically well-defined land use systems with NPK inputs by mineral fertilizers, manure, wet and dry deposition, and biological N fixation, and outputs by aboveground crop parts, leaching, denitrification, and erosion. Primary data were available on applied mineral fertilizers and manure, crop yields, nutrient contents, residue removal and erosion. Deposition, leaching and denitrification were estimated using rainfall, clay, N and K content, and fertilizer input. Erosion was estimated along the lines of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The aggregated nutrient balance for the Kisii District was -112 kg N, -3 kg P, and -70 kg K ha-1 yr-1. For all nutrients, removal of harvested product was the strongest negative contributor, followed by erosion. In terms of land use, nutrient depletion was highest under pyrethrum and lowest under tea. Sensitivity analysis revealed that changing mineralization rate and soil N content had an important impact on the N balance. Varying slope gradient and length, soil erodibility, land cover and the enrichment factor for eroded material affected all nutrients. Examples are given of possible ways to improve the NPK balance in the Kisii District by manipulating inputs and outputs. The methodology can prove valuable in any area where the farming community is receptive to integrated nutrient management systems.://A1993ME42900010-Me429 Times Cited:72 Cited References Count:0 0167-1731ISI:A1993ME42900010kSmaling, Ema Dlo,Winand Staring Ctr Integrated Land Soil & Water Res,Pob 125,6700 Ac Wageningen,NetherlandsEnglish|7 'Lowery, D. T. Isman, M. B. Brard, N. L.1993XLaboratory and Field-Evaluation of Neem for the Control of Aphids (Homoptera, Aphididae)864-870Journal of Economic Entomology863Baphididae azadirachta-indica control azadirachta-indica pesticidesJunLaboratory and field trials with formulated neem seed oil (NSO) and neem seed extract (NSE) demonstrated that these materials are effective aphicides. NSO sprays to intact plants in the laboratory resulted in significant reductions in numbers of green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on peppers and rutabagas; currant-lettuce aphids, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), on lettuce; and strawberry aphids, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), on strawberry. NSO reduced aphid numbers in a dose-dependent manner, with estimated concentrations for a 50% reduction in aphid populations (EC50) ranging from 0.2 to 1.4%. Under field conditions, NSO and NSE treatments were as effective as the botanical insecticide pyrethrum for control of aphids on pepper and strawberry, but ineffective for the control of aphids on lettuce. The effectiveness of neem appears to be influenced by the host plant, the aphid species, and weather conditions.://A1993MA89500035.Ma895 Times Cited:34 Cited References Count:23 0022-0493ISI:A1993MA89500035@Univ British Columbia,Dept Plant Sci,Vancouver V6t 1z4,Bc,CanadaEnglish?|7 7Ester, A. Gut, J. Vanoosten, A. M. Pijnenburg, H. C. H.1993[Controlling Aphids in Iceberg Lettuce by Alarm Pheromone in Combination with an Insecticide432-440DJournal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie1155potatoJunField experiments were carried out between 1987-1989 at a location with extremely high population densities of aphids. The performances of pirimicarb, pyrethrum, dichlorvos, cycloprothrin in combination with an alarm pheromone were compared with commercial dosages of the insecticides to control the aphids in iceberg lettuce. After planting, various doses and spray intervals were applied to control the aphids. A spray application of carbamate or organic phosphate at one-tenth of the recommended dose in combination with the pheromone was successful in controlling the aphids. The farnesene formulation appears to have an alarm effect on aphids as well as hormonal and mortality effects.://A1993LL80700002-Ll807 Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:21 0931-2048ISI:A1993LL80700002Ester, A Pagv,Arable Farming & Field Prod Vegetables Res Stn,Pob 430,8200 Ak Lelystad,Netherlands Tno,Inst Environm Sci,2600 Ja Delft,Netherlands Tno,Plast & Rubber Res Inst,2600 Ja Delft,Netherlands Roc Noord Brabant,Reg Res Stn,Breda,NetherlandsEnglish|7 &Curtis, C. F. Myamba, J. Wilkes, T. J.1992+Various Pyrethroids on Bednets and Curtains363-370"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz87anopheles-gambiae anopheles-funestus impregnated bednets verandah trap huts impregnated curtains malaria vector control permethrin-impregnated curtains experimental hut trials mosquito nets malaria gambia7Verandah trap huts in a Tanzanian village were used to assess the effectiveness of impregnated bednets and curtains in preventing hut entry and feeding by, and in killing of Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus. Permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and pyrethrum were used for impregnation of damaged or undamaged bednets, sisal eaves curtains or bed curtains made of polypropylene fibre. The performance of the three synthetic pyrethroids did not differ statistically significantly, except that on a damaged net permethrin was better at preventing feeding. Sisal eaves curtains deterred mosquitoes from hut entry but did not kill those that had entered. In assessing damaged nets and curtains it must be recognised that anything less than the best vector control may have no appreciable impact on holoendemic malaria.://A1992LE918000647Suppl. 3 Le918 Times Cited:17 Cited References Count:18 0074-0276ISI:A1992LE91800064sCurtis, Cf Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med,Keppel St,London Wc1e 7ht,England Ubwari Field Stn,Muheza,TanzaniaEnglish|7 MKitching, R. L. Bergelson, J. M. Lowman, M. D. Mcintyre, S. Carruthers, D. G.1993~The Biodiversity of Arthropods from Australian Rain-Forest Canopies - General Introduction, Methods, Sites and Ordinal Results181-191Australian Journal of Ecology182rain-forest trees diversityJunCThe arthropod assemblages occurring in the canopies of tropical, subtropical and cool temperate sites have been sampled using a pyrethrum knockdown technique. Details of the techniques used and the climate and vegetation of the areas studied are presented together with an analysis of the distribution of individual arthropods across Orders. An approach using generalized linear modelling partitioned the variance in numbers among sites within forest types and across the three forest types. The effects of both these components were significant. The differences between the ordinal signatures of each forest type are discussed and a number of hypotheses proposed to account for these differences, based on knowledge of the biology of the groups concerned. For the tropical and subtropical sites a comparison was made between samples collected in the low to mid-canopy with ones collected in the high canopy. Numbers of both insects and non-insects collected differed significantly with height in the subtropical forest and the distribution of insects across Orders was also significantly different in this forest type. In the tropical forests numbers of insects differed significantly between the two strata but neither the numbers of non-insects nor the ordinal profiles of either insects or non-insects were shown to be significantly different.://A1993LE82100004.Le821 Times Cited:31 Cited References Count:37 0307-692XISI:A1993LE82100004Univ New England,Dept Ecosyst Management,Armidale,Nsw 2351,Australia Univ New England,Dept Wildlife Res,Armidale,Nsw 2351,Australia Univ Oxford,Dept Zool,Oxford Ox1 3ps,EnglandEnglish|7 (Roth, M. Richards, R. H. Sommerville, C.1993dCurrent Practices in the Chemotherapeutic Control of Sea Lice Infestations in Aquaculture - a Review1-26Journal of Fish Diseases161salmon salmo-salar farmed atlantic salmon lobster homarus-gammarus mussel mytilus-edulis lepeophtheirus-salmonis rainbow-trout caligus-elongatus dichlorvos nuvan toxicity ivermectinJanThis review surveys the available literature on the efficacy and ecotoxicology of chemotherapeutic agents for the control of sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) infestations in marine aquaculture. To date, treatment for the disease has relied almost exclusively on the use of the organophosphorus pesticides, trichlorfon and dichlorvos. While use of dichlorvos and trichlorfon appears to have little, if any, environmental impact, protracted use in some areas has led to reduced efficacy. Compounds. proposed for sea lice control currently.under field evaluation include azamethiphos (organophosphate), ivermectin (avermectin), pyrethrum (pyrethrin) and hydrogen peroxide. Although all of these compounds are efficacious, at present published information on marine environmental toxicology is scarce and is limited to in vitro toxicity testing. Other compounds that have been considered for sea lice control include formalin, malathion (organophosphate), carbaryl (carbamate), diflubenzuron (insect growth regulator) and natural remedies (i.e. onions and garlic). In general, formaldehyde (aldehyde), malathion and natural compounds show either poor efficacy or unsuitable therapeutic margins. Although carbaryl and diflubenzuron are both efficacious and exhibit suitable therapeutic margins. available data suggests that the compounds, due to undesirable environmental toxicological characteristics. would be unsuitable for sea lice control.://A1993KM89200001/Km892 Times Cited:84 Cited References Count:162 0140-7775ISI:A1993KM892000018Univ Stirling,Inst Aquaculture,Stirling Fk9 4la,ScotlandEnglish |7Grabner, H. Schmidt, H. U.1992Stored Products Activities of the Plant-Protection-Service Berlin - Insect-Pests of Foodstuffs, Luxury Goods and Materials in Warehouses and Private Households as Well as Pest-Control Measures from 1987-1991145-1478Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz658Nov-DecIt is reported about 14 stored-product insects, among them 9 species of beetles an 3 species of moths appearing in the warehouses of the stock-piling division of the provincial government of Berlin (West) from 1987 up to the dissolution of the stocks in 1991. Additionally it is given an account of the appearance of more than 33 species of stored product pests in private households. The most common pests in the stocks and warehouses respectively were warehouse moths (Ephestia elutella Hbn.) and the drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum L.). Particular cases and species of special interest are described in detail. Moreover a survey is given about the pest control activities in the stored products protection, which are carried out both with poison-gas as Methyl bromide and Phosphine as well as with aerosols on basis of Dichlorvos and Pyrethrum plus Piperonyl-butoxide in different percentages. Dichlorvos slow resin strips are used prophylactically against stored-product moths in warehouses.://A1992KB78900001,Kb789 Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 0340-7330ISI:A1992KB78900001HGrabner, H Pflanzenschutzamt Berlin,Mohriner Allee 137,Berlin 47,GermanyGerman|7 Aniedu, I.1992A Comparative-Study of the Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Malaria Vectors in 3 Ecologically Distinct Habitats in Baringo District, Kenya268-274DJournal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie1143SepThe 3 ecologically distinct habitats in Baringo district, Kenya, were the Perkerra irrigation scheme, the Loboi swamp and a non-irrigated village (Endau), without any permanent source of water. The distribution, relative abundance and seasonal population fluctuations were studied in relation to rainfall. House-resting adult mosquitoes were sampled over a 12-month period, January-December, using the pyrethrum spray method. Three malaria vector species were encountered, namely: Anopheles gambiae Giles (sensu lato), A. funestus Giles and A. pharoensis Theobald. A. gambiae was the most abundant species in the district, accou